<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain-computer interfaces.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handbook of clinical neurology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23312631</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67–74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that give their users communication and control capabilities that do not depend on muscles. The user&amp;#39;s intentions are determined from activity recorded by electrodes on the scalp, on the cortical surface, or within the brain. BCIs can enable people who are paralyzed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brainstem stroke, or other disorders to convey their needs and wishes to others, to operate word-processing programs or other software, or possibly to control a wheelchair or a neuroprosthesis. BCI technology might also augment rehabilitation protocols aimed at restoring useful motor function. With continued development and clinical implementation, BCIs could substantially improve the lives of those with severe disabilities.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Brunner</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bianchi, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guger, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cincotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerwin Schalk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current Trends in Hardware and Software for Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs).</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biofeedback, Psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Man-Machine Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436536</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">025001</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;brain-computer interface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;) provides a non-muscular communication channel to people with and without disabilities.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;devices consist of hardware and software.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;hardware records signals from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;, either invasively or non-invasively, using a series of device components.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;software then translates these signals into device output commands and provides feedback. One may categorize different types of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;applications into the following four categories: basic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;, clinical/translational&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;, consumer products, and emerging applications. These four categories use&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;hardware and software, but have different sets of requirements. For example, while basic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;needs to explore a wide range of system configurations, and thus requires a wide range of hardware and software capabilities, applications in the other three categories may be designed for relatively narrow purposes and thus may only need a very limited subset of capabilities. This paper summarizes technical aspects for each of these four categories of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;applications. The results indicate that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;technology is in transition from isolated demonstrations to systematic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and commercial&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;. This process requires several multidisciplinary efforts, including the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;of better integrated and more robust&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;BCI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;hardware and software, the definition of standardized&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;, and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;of certification, dissemination and reimbursement procedures.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cincotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mattia, Donatella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aloise, Fabio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bufalari, Simona</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerwin Schalk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oriolo, Giuseppe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cherubini, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marciani, Maria Grazia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Babiloni, Fabio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-invasive brain-computer interface system: towards its application as assistive technology.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res Bull</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Res. Bull.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Activities of Daily Living</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evoked Potentials, Motor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilot Projects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prostheses and Implants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robotics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-Help Devices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18394526</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">796-803</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;The quality of life of people suffering from severe motor disabilities can benefit from the use of current assistive technology capable of ameliorating communication, house-environment management and mobility, according to the user's residual motor abilities.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;Brain-computer interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(BCIs) are systems that can translate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;activity into signals that control external devices. Thus they can represent the only technology for severely paralyzed patients to increase or maintain their communication and control options. Here we report on a pilot study in which a system was implemented and validated to allow disabled persons to improve or recover their mobility (directly or by emulation) and communication within the surrounding environment. The system is based on a software controller that offers to the user a communication interface that is matched with the individual's residual motor abilities. Patients (n=14) with severe motor disabilities due to progressive neurodegenerative disorders were trained to use the system prototype under a rehabilitation program carried out in a house-like furnished space. All users utilized regular assistive control options (e.g., microswitches or head trackers). In addition, four subjects learned to operate the system by means of a non-invasive EEG-based BCI. This system was controlled by the subjects' voluntary modulations of EEG sensorimotor rhythms recorded on the scalp; this skill was learnt even though the subjects have not had control over their limbs for a long time. We conclude that such a prototype system, which integrates several different assistive technologies including a BCI system, can potentially facilitate the translation from pre-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;clinical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;demonstrations to a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;clinical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;useful BCI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaikh, Tanvir R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gao, Haixiao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baxter, Bill</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asturias, Francisco J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boisset, Nicolas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leith, ArDean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frank, Joachim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPIDER image processing for single-particle reconstruction of biological macromolecules from electron micrographs.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Protoc</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Protoc</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy, Electron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19180078</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1941-74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;This protocol describes the reconstruction of biological molecules from the electron micrographs of single particles. Computation here is performed using the image-processing software SPIDER and can be managed using a graphical user interface, termed the SPIDER Reconstruction Engine. Two approaches are described to obtain an initial reconstruction: random-conical tilt and common lines. Once an existing model is available, reference-based alignment can be used, a procedure that can be iterated. Also described is supervised classification, a method to look for homogeneous subsets when multiple known conformations of the molecule may coexist.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hinterberger, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widman, Guido</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lal, T.N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeremy Jeremy Hill</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tangermann, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosenstiel, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schölkopf, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elger, Christian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Niels Birbaumer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voluntary brain regulation and communication with electrocorticogram signals.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epilepsy Behav</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epilepsy Behav</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biofeedback, Psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerebral Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication Aids for Disabled</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominance, Cerebral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epilepsies, Partial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imagination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somatosensory Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theta Rhythm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Writing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18495541</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">300-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;Brain-computer interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(BCIs) can be used for communication in writing without muscular activity or for learning to control seizures by voluntary regulation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;signals such as the electroencephalogram (EEG). Three of five patients with epilepsy were able to spell their names with electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals derived from motor-related areas within only one or two training sessions. Imagery of finger or tongue movements was classified with support-vector classification of autoregressive coefficients derived from the ECoG signals. After training of the classifier, binary classification responses were used to select letters from a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;computer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;-generated menu. Offline analysis showed increased theta activity in the unsuccessful patients, whereas the successful patients exhibited dominant sensorimotor rhythms that they could control. The high spatial resolution and increased signal-to-noise ratio in ECoG signals, combined with short training periods, may offer an alternative for communication in complete paralysis, locked-in syndrome, and motor restoration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cincotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aloise, Fabio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bufalari, Simona</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerwin Schalk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oriolo, Giuseppe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cherubini, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davide, Fabrizio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Babiloni, Fabio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marciani, Maria Grazia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mattia, Donatella</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-invasive brain-computer interface system to operate assistive devices.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication Aids for Disabled</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurodegenerative Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of Life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-Help Devices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2532-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this pilot study, a system that allows disabled persons to improve or recover their mobility and communication within the surrounding environment was implemented and validated. The system is based on a software controller that offers to the user a communication interface that is matched with the individual's residual motor abilities. Fourteen patients with severe motor disabilities due to progressive neurodegenerative disorders were trained to use the system prototype under a rehabilitation program. All users utilized regular assistive control options (e.g., microswitches or head trackers) while four patients learned to operate the system by means of a non-invasive EEG-based Brain-Computer Interface, based on the subjects' voluntary modulations of EEG sensorimotor rhythms recorded on the scalp.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baxter, Bill</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leith, ArDean</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frank, Joachim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPIRE: the SPIDER reconstruction engine.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Struct Biol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Struct. Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computational Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software Design</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055743</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;SPIRE is a Python program written to modernize the user interaction with SPIDER, the image processing system for electron microscopical reconstruction projects. SPIRE provides a graphical user interface (GUI) to SPIDER for executing batch files of SPIDER commands. It also lets users quickly view the status of a project by showing the last batch files that were run, as well as the data files that were generated. SPIRE handles the flexibility of the SPIDER programming environment through configuration files: XML-tagged documents that describe the batch files, directory trees, and presentation of the GUI for a given type of reconstruction project. It also provides the capability to connect to a laboratory database, for downloading parameters required by batch files at the start of a project, and uploading reconstruction results at the end of a project.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cincotti, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bianchi, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birch, Gary</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guger, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mellinger, Jürgen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scherer, Reinhold</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, Robert N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yáñez Suárez, Oscar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerwin Schalk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BCI meeting 2005 - Workshop on Technology: Hardware and Software.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotechnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication Aids for Disabled</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internationality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Man-Machine Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuromuscular Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16792276</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-31</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;This paper describes the outcome of discussions held during the Third International BCI Meeting at a workshop to review and evaluate the current state of BCI-related hardware and software. Technical requirements and current technologies, standardization procedures and future trends are covered. The main conclusion was recognition of the need to focus technical requirements on the users' needs and the need for consistent standards in BCI research.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adiga, Umesh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baxter, Bill</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hall, Richard J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rockel, Beate</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rath, Bimal K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frank, Joachim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glaeser, Robert M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Particle picking by segmentation: a comparative study with SPIDER-based manual particle picking.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Struct Biol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Struct. Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aminopeptidases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryoelectron Microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging, Three-Dimensional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Particle Size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribosomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serine Endopeptidases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software Validation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330229</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-20</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;Boxing hundreds of thousands of particles in low-dose electron micrographs is one of the major bottle-necks in advancing toward achieving atomic resolution reconstructions of biological macromolecules. We have shown that a combination of pre-processing operations and segmentation can be used as an effective, automatic tool for identifying and boxing single-particle images. This paper provides a brief description of how this method has been applied to a large data set of micrographs of ice-embedded ribosomes, including a comparative analysis of the efficiency of the method. Some results on processing micrographs of tripeptidyl peptidase II particles are also shown. In both cases, we have achieved our goal of selecting at least 80% of the particles that an expert would select with less than 10% false positives.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang Yang Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Triceps surae motoneuron morphology in the rat: a quantitative light microscopic study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of comparative neurology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer assisted</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendrites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">horseradish peroxidase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image processing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/1994</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8027432</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143–157</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rat is now the model of choice for many studies of motor function. However, little quantitative information on the structure of rat motoneurons is available. In conjunction with efforts to define the physiologic and anatomic substrates of operantly conditioned plasticity in the spinal cord, 13 physiologically identified triceps surae motoneurons in the rat lumbar spinal cord were labeled intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase and completely reconstructed and measured with a computer-based neuron-tracing system. Somata were all located in the ventral horn of lumbar segments 4-5, had an average diameter of 35 microns, and had 6-12 dendrites. Dendrites ramified throughout the ventral horn and also penetrated the white matter. Their spread was greater in the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral directions (1.53 +/- 0.24 mm and 1.35 +/- 0.23 mm, respectively) than in the mediolateral direction (0.85 +/- 0.14 mm). Regardless of soma location, dendritic fields usually extended throughout the ipsilateral coronal cross-section of the ventral horn. As a result, the ventral or lateral extent of the field was correlated strongly with the soma's distance from the ventral or lateral border, respectively, of the ventral horn. Furthermore, although soma locations in the coronal plane varied widely, the centers of the dendritic fields tended to cluster near the center of the ventral horn. Dendrites constituted 96.2-98.4% (mean +/- SD = 97.3 +/- 0.7%) of the total neuronal surface area. Each of the 104 dendrites studied had an average of 13 branch points and 27 segments. First-order segment diameters ranged from 1.4 to 11.7 microns (mean +/- SD = 5.3 +/- 2.1 microns). Total dendritic length, surface area, volume, number of dendritic segments, and maximum segment order were correlated strongly with diameter of the first-order segment. Proceeding distally between branch points, the mean decrease in dendritic diameter (i.e., tapering) +/- the standard deviation was 22 +/- 8% of the proximal diameter. The average ratio +/- the standard deviation of the sum of the average diameters of each daughter segment raised to the 1.5 power to the average diameter of the parent segment raised to the 1.5 power (i.e., Rall's ratio; Rall, 1959) was 0.87 +/- 0.08. In comparison with cat alpha-motoneurons, rat motoneurons had smaller soma diameters, fewer dendrites, smaller total surface areas, and shorter total dendritic lengths. However, the number of terminations per dendrite was similar in the two species, so that rat motoneurons had more terminations per unit dendritic length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</style></abstract></record></records></xml>