<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCane, Lynn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sellers, Eric W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dennis J. McFarland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mak, Joseph N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmack, C Steve</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeitlin, Debra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theresa M Vaughan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain-computer interface (BCI) evaluation in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biofeedback, Psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brain-computer interfaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Event-Related Potentials, P300</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Online Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychomotor Performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reaction Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24555843</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) might restore communication to people severely disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other disorders. We sought to: 1) define a protocol for determining whether a person with ALS can use a visual P300-based BCI; 2) determine what proportion of this population can use the BCI; and 3) identify factors affecting BCI performance. Twenty-five individuals with ALS completed an evaluation protocol using a standard 6 × 6 matrix and parameters selected by stepwise linear discrimination. With an 8-channel EEG montage, the subjects fell into two groups in BCI accuracy (chance accuracy 3%). Seventeen averaged 92 (± 3)% (range 71-100%), which is adequate for communication (G70 group). Eight averaged 12 (± 6)% (range 0-36%), inadequate for communication (L40 subject group). Performance did not correlate with disability: 11/17 (65%) of G70 subjects were severely disabled (i.e. ALSFRS-R &lt; 5). All L40 subjects had visual impairments (e.g. nystagmus, diplopia, ptosis). P300 was larger and more anterior in G70 subjects. A 16-channel montage did not significantly improve accuracy. In conclusion, most people severely disabled by ALS could use a visual P300-based BCI for communication. In those who could not, visual impairment was the principal obstacle. For these individuals, auditory P300-based BCIs might be effective.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeremy Jeremy Hill</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ricci, Erin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haider, Sameah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCane, Lynn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susan M Heckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theresa M Vaughan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A practical, intuitive brain-computer interface for communicating 'yes' or 'no' by listening.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neural Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Auditory Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brain-computer interfaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication Aids for Disabled</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equipment Failure Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Man-Machine Systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quadriplegia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24838278</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">035003</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE:
Previous work has shown that it is possible to build an EEG-based binary brain-computer interface system (BCI) driven purely by shifts of attention to auditory stimuli. However, previous studies used abrupt, abstract stimuli that are often perceived as harsh and unpleasant, and whose lack of inherent meaning may make the interface unintuitive and difficult for beginners. We aimed to establish whether we could transition to a system based on more natural, intuitive stimuli (spoken words 'yes' and 'no') without loss of performance, and whether the system could be used by people in the locked-in state.
APPROACH:
We performed a counterbalanced, interleaved within-subject comparison between an auditory streaming BCI that used beep stimuli, and one that used word stimuli. Fourteen healthy volunteers performed two sessions each, on separate days. We also collected preliminary data from two subjects with advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), who used the word-based system to answer a set of simple yes-no questions.
MAIN RESULTS:
The N1, N2 and P3 event-related potentials elicited by words varied more between subjects than those elicited by beeps. However, the difference between responses to attended and unattended stimuli was more consistent with words than beeps. Healthy subjects' performance with word stimuli (mean 77% ± 3.3 s.e.) was slightly but not significantly better than their performance with beep stimuli (mean 73% ± 2.8 s.e.). The two subjects with ALS used the word-based BCI to answer questions with a level of accuracy similar to that of the healthy subjects.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Since performance using word stimuli was at least as good as performance using beeps, we recommend that auditory streaming BCI systems be built with word stimuli to make the system more pleasant and intuitive. Our preliminary data show that word-based streaming BCI is a promising tool for communication by people who are locked in.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kübler, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nijboer, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mellinger, Jürgen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theresa M Vaughan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pawelzik, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerwin Schalk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dennis J. McFarland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Niels Birbaumer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patients with ALS can use sensorimotor rhythms to operate a brain-computer interface.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurology</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evoked Potentials, Motor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imagination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paralysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photic Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prostheses and Implants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somatosensory Cortex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15911809</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1775-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;People with severe motor disabilities can maintain an acceptable quality of life if they can communicate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;Brain-computer interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(BCIs), which do not depend on muscle control, can provide communication. Four people severely disabled by ALS learned to operate a BCI with EEG rhythms recorded over sensorimotor cortex. These results suggest that a sensorimotor rhythm-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;based&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;BCI could help maintain quality of life for people with ALS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dennis J. McFarland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theresa M Vaughan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerwin Schalk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Wadsworth Center brain-computer interface (BCI) research and development program.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Medical Centers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algorithms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artifacts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evoked Potentials, Visual</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feedback</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nervous System Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">User-Computer Interface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12899275</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">204-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;Brain-computer interface (BCI) research at the Wadsworth Center has focused primarily on using electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms recorded from the scalp over sensorimotor cortex to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;cursor movement in one or two dimensions. Recent and current studies seek to improve the speed and accuracy of this&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;by improving the selection of signal features and their translation into device commands, by incorporating additional signal features, and by optimizing the adaptive interaction between the user and system. In addition, to facilitate the evaluation, comparison, and combination of alternative BCI methods, we have developed a general-purpose BCI system called BCI-2000 and have made it available to other research&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;groups&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;. Finally, in collaboration with several other&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlight&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;groups&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;, we are developing simple BCI applications and are testing their practicality and long-term value for people with severe motor disabilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record></records></xml>