%0 Journal Article %J J Neural Eng %D 2011 %T Current Trends in Hardware and Software for Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). %A Peter Brunner %A Bianchi, L %A Guger, C %A Cincotti, F %A Gerwin Schalk %K Biofeedback, Psychology %K Brain %K Brain Mapping %K Electroencephalography %K Equipment Design %K Equipment Failure Analysis %K Humans %K Man-Machine Systems %K Software %K User-Computer Interface %X

brain-computer interface (BCI) provides a non-muscular communication channel to people with and without disabilities. BCI devices consist of hardware and software. BCI hardware records signals from the brain, either invasively or non-invasively, using a series of device components. BCI software then translates these signals into device output commands and provides feedback. One may categorize different types of BCI applications into the following four categories: basic research, clinical/translational research, consumer products, and emerging applications. These four categories use BCI hardware and software, but have different sets of requirements. For example, while basic research needs to explore a wide range of system configurations, and thus requires a wide range of hardware and software capabilities, applications in the other three categories may be designed for relatively narrow purposes and thus may only need a very limited subset of capabilities. This paper summarizes technical aspects for each of these four categories of BCI applications. The results indicate that BCI technology is in transition from isolated demonstrations to systematic research and commercial development. This process requires several multidisciplinary efforts, including the development of better integrated and more robust BCI hardware and software, the definition of standardized interfaces, and the developmentof certification, dissemination and reimbursement procedures.

%B J Neural Eng %V 8 %P 025001 %8 04/2011 %G eng %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436536 %N 2 %R 10.1088/1741-2560/8/2/025001 %0 Journal Article %J IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng %D 2006 %T BCI meeting 2005 - Workshop on Technology: Hardware and Software. %A Cincotti, F %A Bianchi, L %A Birch, Gary %A Guger, C %A Mellinger, Jürgen %A Scherer, Reinhold %A Schmidt, Robert N %A Yáñez Suárez, Oscar %A Gerwin Schalk %K Algorithms %K Biotechnology %K Brain %K Communication Aids for Disabled %K Computers %K Electroencephalography %K Equipment Design %K Humans %K Internationality %K Man-Machine Systems %K Neuromuscular Diseases %K Software %K User-Computer Interface %X

This paper describes the outcome of discussions held during the Third International BCI Meeting at a workshop to review and evaluate the current state of BCI-related hardware and software. Technical requirements and current technologies, standardization procedures and future trends are covered. The main conclusion was recognition of the need to focus technical requirements on the users' needs and the need for consistent standards in BCI research.

%B IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng %V 14 %P 128-31 %8 06/2006 %G eng %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16792276 %N 2 %R 10.1109/TNSRE.2006.875584