TY - JOUR T1 - Electrocorticographic activity over sensorimotor cortex and motor function in awake behaving rats. JF - J Neurophysiol Y1 - 2015 A1 - Chadwick B. Boulay A1 - Xiang Yang Chen A1 - Jonathan Wolpaw KW - brain-computer interface KW - cortex KW - H-Reflex KW - Motor control KW - Spinal Cord AB -

Sensorimotor cortex exerts both short-term and long-term control over the spinal reflex pathways that serve motor behaviors. Better understanding of this control could offer new possibilities for restoring function after central nervous system trauma or disease. We examined the impact of ongoing sensorimotor cortex (SMC) activity on the largely monosynaptic pathway of the H-reflex, the electrical analog of the spinal stretch reflex. In 41 awake adult rats, we measured soleus electromyographic (EMG) activity, the soleus H-reflex, and electrocorticographic activity over the contralateral SMC while rats were producing steady-state soleus EMG activity. Principal component analysis of electrocorticographic frequency spectra before H-reflex elicitation consistently revealed three frequency bands: μβ (5-30 Hz), low γ (γ1; 40-85 Hz), and high γ (γ2; 100-200 Hz). Ongoing (i.e., background) soleus EMG amplitude correlated negatively with μβ power and positively with γ1 power. In contrast, H-reflex size correlated positively with μβ power and negatively with γ1 power, but only when background soleus EMG amplitude was included in the linear model. These results support the hypothesis that increased SMC activation (indicated by decrease in μβ power and/or increase in γ1 power) simultaneously potentiates the H-reflex by exciting spinal motoneurons and suppresses it by decreasing the efficacy of the afferent input. They may help guide the development of new rehabilitation methods and of brain-computer interfaces that use SMC activity as a substitute for lost or impaired motor outputs.

VL - 113 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25632076 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Trained modulation of sensorimotor rhythms can affect reaction time. JF - Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Y1 - 2011 A1 - Chadwick B. Boulay A1 - Sarnacki, W. A. A1 - Jonathan Wolpaw A1 - Dennis J. McFarland KW - brain-computer interface KW - EEG KW - Reaction Time AB - OBJECTIVE: Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology might be useful for rehabilitation of motor function. This speculation is based on the premise that modifying the EEG will modify behavior, a proposition for which there is limited empirical data. The present study examined the possibility that voluntary modulation of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) can affect motor behavior in normal human subjects. METHODS: Six individuals performed a cued-reaction task with variable warning periods. A typical variable foreperiod effect was associated with SMR desynchronization. SMR features that correlated with reaction times were then used to control a two-target cursor movement BCI task. Following successful BCI training, an uncued reaction time task was embedded within the cursor movement task. RESULTS: Voluntarily increasing SMR beta rhythms was associated with longer reaction times than decreasing SMR beta rhythms. CONCLUSIONS: Voluntary modulation of EEG SMR can affect motor behavior. SIGNIFICANCE: These results encourage studies that integrate BCI training into rehabilitation protocols and examine its capacity to augment restoration of useful motor function. VL - 122 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411366 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A novel P300-based brain-computer interface stimulus presentation paradigm: moving beyond rows and columns. JF - Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Y1 - 2010 A1 - Townsend, G. A1 - LaPallo, B. K. A1 - Chadwick B. Boulay A1 - Krusienski, D. J. A1 - Frye, G. E. A1 - Hauser, C. K. A1 - Schwartz, N. E. A1 - Theresa M Vaughan A1 - Jonathan Wolpaw A1 - Sellers, E. W. KW - brain-computer interface KW - brain-machine interface KW - EEG KW - event-related potential KW - P300 KW - Rehabilitation AB - OBJECTIVE: An electroencephalographic brain-computer interface (BCI) can provide a non-muscular means of communication for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other neuromuscular disorders. We present a novel P300-based BCI stimulus presentation - the checkerboard paradigm (CBP). CBP performance is compared to that of the standard row/column paradigm (RCP) introduced by Farwell and Donchin (1988). METHODS: Using an 8x9 matrix of alphanumeric characters and keyboard commands, 18 participants used the CBP and RCP in counter-balanced fashion. With approximately 9-12 min of calibration data, we used a stepwise linear discriminant analysis for online classification of subsequent data. RESULTS: Mean online accuracy was significantly higher for the CBP, 92%, than for the RCP, 77%. Correcting for extra selections due to errors, mean bit rate was also significantly higher for the CBP, 23 bits/min, than for the RCP, 17 bits/min. Moreover, the two paradigms produced significantly different waveforms. Initial tests with three advanced ALS participants produced similar results. Furthermore, these individuals preferred the CBP to the RCP. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the CBP is markedly superior to the RCP in performance and user acceptability. SIGNIFICANCE: The CBP has the potential to provide a substantially more effective BCI than the RCP. This is especially important for people with severe neuromuscular disabilities. VL - 121 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20347387 ER -