TY - JOUR T1 - The volitional nature of the simplest reflex. JF - Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis Y1 - 1993 A1 - Jonathan Wolpaw A1 - Jonathan S. Carp KW - behavior KW - Brain KW - conditioning KW - human physiology KW - Learning KW - Memory KW - motoneuron KW - nature KW - primate KW - Reflex KW - Spinal Cord KW - spinal site KW - supra spinal site KW - vertebrate AB - Recent studies suggest that none of the behaviors of the vertebrate CNS are fixed responses incapable of change. Even the simplest reflex of all, the two-neuron, monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex (SSR), undergoes adaptive change under appropriate circumstances. Operantly conditioned SSR change occurs gradually over days and weeks and is associated with a complex pattern of CNS plasticity at both spinal and supraspinal sites. VL - 53 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8317238 ER -