02156nas a2200337 4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138260001200207300000700219490000700226520120000233653001001433653002001443653001101463653002401474653001701498653001301515653002301528653002401551653002801575653001301603653004101616653002801657100001901685700001901704700001801723700001601741700001301757856004801770 2009 eng d a1092-068400aEvolution of brain-computer interfaces: going beyond classic motor physiology.0 aEvolution of braincomputer interfaces going beyond classic motor c07/2009 aE40 v273 a

The notion that a computer can decode brain signals to infer the intentions of a human and then enact those intentions directly through a machine is becoming a realistic technical possibility. These types of devices are known as brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). The evolution of these neuroprosthetic technologies could have significant implications for patients with motor disabilities by enhancing their ability to interact and communicate with their environment. The cortical physiology most investigated and used for device control has been brain signals from the primary motor cortex. To date, this classic motor physiology has been an effective substrate for demonstrating the potential efficacy of BCI-based control. However, emerging research now stands to further enhance our understanding of the cortical physiology underpinning human intent and provide further signals for more complex brain-derived control. In this review, the authors report the current status of BCIs and detail the emerging research trends that stand to augment clinical applications in the future.

10aBrain10aCerebral Cortex10aHumans10aMan-Machine Systems10aMotor Cortex10aMovement10aMovement Disorders10aNeuronal Plasticity10aProstheses and Implants10aResearch10aSignal Processing, Computer-Assisted10aUser-Computer Interface1 aLeuthardt, E C1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aRoland, Jarod1 aRouse, Adam1 aMoran, D uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1956989202977nas a2200361 4500008004100000022001400041245007400055210006800129260001200197300001100209490000700220520195300227653001202180653001002192653002702202653002202229653001102251653002702262653001302289653001302302653001602315653003102331653001702362653002802379100002402407700002602431700001902457700002502476700002402501700002102525700002102546856004802567 2006 eng d a1534-432000aThe Wadsworth BCI Research and Development Program: At Home with BCI.0 aWadsworth BCI Research and Development Program At Home with BCI c06/2006 a229-330 v143 a

The ultimate goal of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is to provide communication and control capacities to people with severe motor disabilities. BCI research at the Wadsworth Center focuses primarily on noninvasive, electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI methods. We have shown that people, including those with severe motor disabilities, can learn to use sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs) to move a cursor rapidly and accurately in one or two dimensions. We have also improved P300-based BCI operation. We are now translating this laboratory-proven BCI technology into a system that can be used by severely disabled people in their homes with minimal ongoing technical oversight. To accomplish this, we have: improved our general-purpose BCI software (BCI2000); improved online adaptation and feature translation for SMR-based BCI operation; improved the accuracy and bandwidth of P300-based BCI operation; reduced the complexity of system hardware and software and begun to evaluate home system use in appropriate users. These developments have resulted in prototype systems for every day use in people's homes.

10aAnimals10aBrain10aElectroencephalography10aEvoked Potentials10aHumans10aNeuromuscular Diseases10aNew York10aResearch10aSwitzerland10aTherapy, Computer-Assisted10aUniversities10aUser-Computer Interface1 aVaughan, Theresa, M1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aSarnacki, William, A1 aKrusienski, Dean, J1 aSellers, Eric, W1 aWolpaw, Jonathan uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1679230103064nas a2200373 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260001200214300001000226490000700236520200500243653002902248653001002277653001502287653001402302653001002316653001802326653002702344653003002371653001302401653001102414653001602425653002802441653001302469653002002482653002802502653002202530100002102552700002602573700002402599700001902623856004802642 2003 eng d a1534-432000aThe Wadsworth Center brain-computer interface (BCI) research and development program.0 aWadsworth Center braincomputer interface BCI research and develo c06/2003 a204-70 v113 a

Brain-computer interface (BCI) research at the Wadsworth Center has focused primarily on using electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms recorded from the scalp over sensorimotor cortex to control cursor movement in one or two dimensions. Recent and current studies seek to improve the speed and accuracy of this control by improving the selection of signal features and their translation into device commands, by incorporating additional signal features, and by optimizing the adaptive interaction between the user and system. In addition, to facilitate the evaluation, comparison, and combination of alternative BCI methods, we have developed a general-purpose BCI system called BCI-2000 and have made it available to other research groups. Finally, in collaboration with several other groups, we are developing simple BCI applications and are testing their practicality and long-term value for people with severe motor disabilities.

10aAcademic Medical Centers10aAdult10aAlgorithms10aArtifacts10aBrain10aBrain Mapping10aElectroencephalography10aEvoked Potentials, Visual10aFeedback10aHumans10aMiddle Aged10aNervous System Diseases10aResearch10aResearch Design10aUser-Computer Interface10aVisual Perception1 aWolpaw, Jonathan1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aVaughan, Theresa, M1 aSchalk, Gerwin uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12899275