02303nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245006300055210006100118260001600179520159700195100002501792700002301817700002401840700001901864700001901883700002401902700001701926700001401943700002201957856010601979       2025                        eng d  a2692-820500aCircuit dynamics of approach-avoidance conflict in humans.0 aCircuit dynamics of approachavoidance conflict in humans  c2025 Jan 013 a<p>Debilitating anxiety is pervasive in the modern world. Choices to approach or avoid are common in everyday life and excessive avoidance is a cardinal feature of all anxiety disorders. Here, we used intracranial EEG to define a distributed prefrontal-limbic circuit dynamics supporting approach and avoidance. Presurgical epilepsy patients (n=20) performed an approach-avoidance conflict decision-making task inspired by the arcade game Pac-Man, where participants trade-off real-time harvesting rewards with potential losses from attack. As patients approached increasing rewards and threats, we found evidence of a limbic circuit mediated by increased theta power in the hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which then drops rapidly during avoidance. Theta band connectivity between these regions increases during approach and falls during avoidance, with OFC serving as a connector in this circuit with high theta coherence across limbic regions, but also with regions outside of the limbic system, including the lateral prefrontal cortex. Importantly, the degree of OFC-driven connectivity predicts how long participants approach, with enhanced network synchronicity extending approach times. Finally, under ghost attack, the system dynamically switches to a sustained increase in high-frequency activity (70-150Hz) in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), marking the retreat from the ghost. The results provide evidence for a distributed prefrontal-limbic circuit, mediated by theta oscillations, underlying approach-avoidance conflict.</p>1 aStaveland, Brooke, R1 aOberschulte, Julia1 aKim-McManus, Olivia1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aDastjerdi, Mohammad1 aLin, Jack, J1 aHsu, Ming1 aKnight, Robert, T  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2025/circuit-dynamics-approach-avoidance-conflict-humans04347nas a2200433   4500008004100000022001400041245015100055210006900206260001600275490000700291520297600298653001003274653000903284653001903293653002403312653001103336653001503347653001103362653000903373653001603382653002803398653004603426653002803472100001803500700002303518700002103541700002203562700001803584700001403602700001903616700001703635700002603652700002403678700002103702700002303723700001903746700002303765856012503788       2025                        eng d  a2050-084X00aThe effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cardiovascular function in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: A randomized trial.0 aeffect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on ca  c2025 Jan 090 v133 a<p><b>BACKGROUND: </b>Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is characterized by intense central inflammation, leading to substantial post-hemorrhagic complications such as vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Given the anti-inflammatory effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) and its ability to promote brain plasticity, taVNS has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for SAH patients. However, the effects of taVNS on cardiovascular dynamics in critically ill patients, like those with SAH, have not yet been investigated. Given the association between cardiac complications and elevated risk of poor clinical outcomes after SAH, it is essential to characterize the cardiovascular effects of taVNS to ensure this approach is safe in this fragile population. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of both acute and repetitive taVNS on cardiovascular function.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>In this randomized clinical trial, 24 SAH patients were assigned to either a taVNS treatment or a sham treatment group. During their stay in the intensive care unit, we monitored patient electrocardiogram readings and vital signs. We compared long-term changes in heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), QT interval, and blood pressure between the two groups. Additionally, we assessed the effects of acute taVNS by comparing cardiovascular metrics before, during, and after the intervention. We also explored acute cardiovascular biomarkers in patients exhibiting clinical improvement.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>We found that repetitive taVNS did not significantly alter heart rate, QT interval, blood pressure, or intracranial pressure (ICP). However, repetitive taVNS increased overall HRV and parasympathetic activity compared to the sham treatment. The increase in parasympathetic activity was most pronounced from 2 to 4 days after initial treatment (Cohen's  = 0.50). Acutely, taVNS increased heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral perfusion index without affecting the corrected QT interval, ICP, or HRV. The acute post-treatment elevation in heart rate was more pronounced in patients who experienced a decrease of more than one point in their modified Rankin Score at the time of discharge.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>Our study found that taVNS treatment did not induce adverse cardiovascular effects, such as bradycardia or QT prolongation, supporting its development as a safe immunomodulatory treatment approach for SAH patients. The observed acute increase in heart rate after taVNS treatment may serve as a biomarker for SAH patients who could derive greater benefit from this treatment.</p><p><b>FUNDING: </b>The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (ALH), The Aneurysm and AVM Foundation (ALH), The National Institutes of Health R01-EB026439, P41-EB018783, U24-NS109103, R21-NS128307 (ECL, PB), McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience (ECL, PB), and Fondazione Neurone (PB).</p><p><b>CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: </b>NCT04557618.</p>10aAdult10aAged10aBlood Pressure10aElectrocardiography10aFemale10aHeart Rate10aHumans10aMale10aMiddle Aged10aSubarachnoid Hemorrhage10aTranscutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation10aVagus Nerve Stimulation1 aTan, Gansheng1 aHuguenard, Anna, L1 aDonovan, Kara, M1 aDemarest, Phillip1 aLiu, Xiaoxuan1 aLi, Ziwei1 aAdamek, Markus1 aLavine, Kory1 aVellimana, Ananthv, K1 aKummer, Terrance, T1 aOsbun, Joshua, W1 aZipfel, Gregory, J1 aBrunner, Peter1 aLeuthardt, Eric, C  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2025/effect-transcutaneous-auricular-vagus-nerve-stimulation-cardiovascular01994nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245005800055210005400113260001600167300000700183490000700190520119700197653001301394653001301407653001601420653001101436653001201447653003201459653002801491100001601519700001901535700002701554700001901581700001501600856010101615       2025                        eng d  a2052-446300aA human single-neuron dataset for object recognition.0 ahuman singleneuron dataset for object recognition  c2025 Jan 15  a790 v123 a<p>Object recognition is fundamental to how we interact with and interpret the world around us. The human amygdala and hippocampus play a key role in object recognition, contributing to both the encoding and retrieval of visual information. Here, we recorded single-neuron activity from the human amygdala and hippocampus when neurosurgical epilepsy patients performed a one-back task using naturalistic object stimuli. We employed two sets of naturalistic object images from leading datasets extensively used in primate neural recordings and computer vision models: we recorded 1204 neurons using the ImageNet stimuli, which included broader object categories (10 different images per category for 50 categories), and we recorded 512 neurons using the Microsoft COCO stimuli, which featured a higher number of images per category (50 different images per category for 10 categories). Together, our extensive dataset, offering the highest spatial and temporal resolution currently available in humans, will not only facilitate a comprehensive analysis of the neural correlates of object recognition but also provide valuable opportunities for training and validating computational models.</p>10aAmygdala10aEpilepsy10aHippocampus10aHumans10aNeurons10aPattern Recognition, Visual10aRecognition, Psychology1 aCao, Runnan1 aBrunner, Peter1 aBrandmeir, Nicholas, J1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aWang, Shuo  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2025/human-single-neuron-dataset-object-recognition03432nas a2200361   4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260001300268300001100281490000800292520223300300653001002533653002002543653001502563653002602578653002702604653001102631653003102642100003102673700002702704700002002731700001702751700002102768700001902789700001902808700002302827700002602850700002702876700001802903700002602921856012302947       2024                        eng d  a1872-678X00aAnatomical registration of intracranial electrodes. Robust model-based localization and deformable smooth brain-shift compensation methods.0 aAnatomical registration of intracranial electrodes Robust modelb  c2024 Apr  a1100560 v4043 a<p><b>BACKGROUND: </b>Intracranial electrodes are typically localized from post-implantation CT artifacts. Automatic algorithms localizing low signal-to-noise ratio artifacts and high-density electrode arrays are missing. Additionally, implantation of grids/strips introduces brain deformations, resulting in registration errors when fusing post-implantation CT and pre-implantation MR images. Brain-shift compensation methods project electrode coordinates to cortex, but either fail to produce smooth solutions or do not account for brain deformations.</p><p><b>NEW METHODS: </b>We first introduce GridFit, a model-based fitting approach that simultaneously localizes all electrodes' CT artifacts in grids, strips, or depth arrays. Second, we present CEPA, a brain-shift compensation algorithm combining orthogonal-based projections, spring-mesh models, and spatial regularization constraints.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>We tested GridFit on ∼6000 simulated scenarios. The localization of CT artifacts showed robust performance under difficult scenarios, such as noise, overlaps, and high-density implants (<1 mm errors). Validation with data from 20 challenging patients showed 99% accurate localization of the electrodes (3160/3192). We tested CEPA brain-shift compensation with data from 15 patients. Projections accounted for simple mechanical deformation principles with < 0.4 mm errors. The inter-electrode distances smoothly changed across neighbor electrodes, while changes in inter-electrode distances linearly increased with projection distance.</p><p><b>COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: </b>GridFit succeeded in difficult scenarios that challenged available methods and outperformed visual localization by preserving the inter-electrode distance. CEPA registration errors were smaller than those obtained for well-established alternatives. Additionally, modeling resting-state high-frequency activity in five patients further supported CEPA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>GridFit and CEPA are versatile tools for registering intracranial electrode coordinates, providing highly accurate results even in the most challenging implantation scenarios. The methods are implemented in the iElectrodes open-source toolbox.</p>10aBrain10aCerebral Cortex10aElectrodes10aElectrodes, Implanted10aElectroencephalography10aHumans10aMagnetic Resonance Imaging1 aBlenkmann, Alejandro, Omar1 aLeske, Sabine, Liliana1 aLlorens, Anaïs1 aLin, Jack, J1 aChang, Edward, F1 aBrunner, Peter1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aIvanovic, Jugoslav1 aLarsson, Pål, Gunnar1 aKnight, Robert, Thomas1 aEndestad, Tor1 aSolbakk, Anne-Kristin  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/anatomical-registration-intracranial-electrodes-robust-model-based-000864nas a2200229   4500008004100000245014300041210006900184300001100253490000800264100003100272700002700303700002000330700001700350700002100367700001900388700001900407700002300426700002600449700002700475700001100502856012100513       2024                        eng d00aAnatomical registration of intracranial electrodes. Robust model-based localization and deformable smooth brain-shift compensation methods0 aAnatomical registration of intracranial electrodes Robust modelb  a1100560 v4041 aBlenkmann, Alejandro, Omar1 aLeske, Sabine, Liliana1 aLlorens, Anaïs1 aLin, Jack, J1 aChang, Edward, F1 aBrunner, Peter1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aIvanovic, Jugoslav1 aLarsson, Pål, Gunnar1 aKnight, Robert, Thomas1 aothers  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/anatomical-registration-intracranial-electrodes-robust-model-based03227nas a2200481   4500008004100000022001400041245006900055210006400124260001600188520179800204100002402002700002202026700002002048700002402068700001302092700001902105700002002124700002102144700002302165700001702188700001702205700002502222700002002247700001802267700001702285700002502302700002002327700002202347700002402369700002302393700001702416700001802433700002302451700002102474700002202495700001902517700002102536700002202557700002202579700001402601700002602615856010402641       2024                        eng d  a2692-820500aThe development of aperiodic neural activity in the human brain.0 adevelopment of aperiodic neural activity in the human brain  c2024 Nov 093 a<p>The neurophysiological mechanisms supporting brain maturation are fundamental to attention and memory capacity across the lifespan. Human brain regions develop at different rates, with many regions developing into the third and fourth decades of life. Here, in this preregistered study (https://osf.io/gsru7), we analyzed intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings from widespread brain regions in a large developmental cohort. Using task-based (i.e., attention to-be-remembered visual stimuli) and task-free (resting-state) data from 101 children and adults (5.93 - 54.00 years, 63 males;  electrodes = 5691), we mapped aperiodic (1/ƒ-like) activity, a proxy of excitation:inhibition (E:I) balance with steeper slopes indexing inhibition and flatter slopes indexing excitation. We reveal that aperiodic slopes flatten with age into young adulthood in both association and sensorimotor cortices, challenging models of early sensorimotor development based on brain structure. In prefrontal cortex (PFC), attentional state modulated age effects, revealing steeper task-based than task-free slopes in adults and the opposite in children, consistent with the development of cognitive control. Age-related differences in task-based slopes also explained age-related gains in memory performance, linking the development of PFC cognitive control to the development of memory. Last, with additional structural imaging measures, we reveal that age-related differences in gray matter volume are differentially associated with aperiodic slopes in association and sensorimotor cortices. Our findings establish developmental trajectories of aperiodic activity in localized brain regions and illuminate the development of PFC inhibitory control during adolescence in the development of attention and memory.</p>1 aCross, Zachariah, R1 aGray, Samantha, M1 aDede, Adam, J O1 aRivera, Yessenia, M1 aYin, Qin1 aVahidi, Parisa1 aRau, Elias, M B1 aCyr, Christopher1 aHolubecki, Ania, M1 aAsano, Eishi1 aLin, Jack, J1 aMcManus, Olivia, Kim1 aSattar, Shifteh1 aSaez, Ignacio1 aGirgis, Fady1 aKing-Stephens, David1 aWeber, Peter, B1 aLaxer, Kenneth, D1 aSchuele, Stephan, U1 aRosenow, Joshua, M1 aWu, Joyce, Y1 aLam, Sandi, K1 aRaskin, Jeffrey, S1 aChang, Edward, F1 aShaikhouni, Ammar1 aBrunner, Peter1 aRoland, Jarod, L1 aBraga, Rodrigo, M1 aKnight, Robert, T1 aOfen, Noa1 aJohnson, Elizabeth, L  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/development-aperiodic-neural-activity-human-brain03030nas a2200361   4500008004100000022001400041245013300055210006900188260001700257300001200274490000700286520191700293653001002210653001102220653002702231653001102258653000902269653002302278653001002301653001602311653002802327653001402355653001602369100001802385700001602403700001802419700002202437700001902459700001902478700002402497700002302521856012402544       2024                        eng d  a1876-475400aDoes vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve enhance working memory? A behavioral and physiological investigation.0 aDoes vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve enhan  c2024 Mar-Apr  a460-4680 v173 a<p><b>BACKGROUND: </b>Working memory is essential to a wide range of cognitive functions and activities. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a promising method to improve working memory performance. However, the feasibility and scalability of electrical stimulation are constrained by several limitations, such as auricular discomfort and inconsistent electrical contact.</p><p><b>OBJECTIVE: </b>We aimed to develop a novel and practical method, vibrotactile taVNS, to improve working memory. Further, we investigated its effects on arousal, measured by skin conductance and pupil diameter.</p><p><b>METHOD: </b>This study included 20 healthy participants. Behavioral response, skin conductance, and eye tracking data were concurrently recorded while the participants performed N-back tasks under three conditions: vibrotactile taVNS delivered to the cymba concha, earlobe (sham control), and no stimulation (baseline control).</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>In 4-back tasks, which demand maximal working memory capacity, active vibrotactile taVNS significantly improved the performance metric d compared to the baseline but not to the sham. Moreover, we found that the reduction rate of d with increasing task difficulty was significantly smaller during vibrotactile taVNS sessions than in both baseline and sham conditions. Arousal, measured as skin conductance and pupil diameter, declined over the course of the tasks. Vibrotactile taVNS rescued this arousal decline, leading to arousal levels corresponding to optimal working memory levels. Moreover, pupil diameter and skin conductance level were higher during high-cognitive-load tasks when vibrotactile taVNS was delivered to the concha compared to baseline and sham.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>Our findings suggest that vibrotactile taVNS modulates the arousal pathway and could be a potential intervention for enhancing working memory.</p>10aAdult10aFemale10aGalvanic Skin Response10aHumans10aMale10aMemory, Short-Term10aPupil10aVagus Nerve10aVagus Nerve Stimulation10aVibration10aYoung Adult1 aTan, Gansheng1 aAdams, Josh1 aDonovan, Kara1 aDemarest, Phillip1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aGorlewicz, Jenna, L1 aLeuthardt, Eric, C  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/does-vibrotactile-stimulation-auricular-vagus-nerve-enhance-working-003024nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245013300055210006900188260001600257520226200273100001802535700001602553700001802569700002202587700001902609700001902628700002402647700002302671856012402694       2024                        eng d  a2692-820500aDoes Vibrotactile Stimulation of the Auricular Vagus Nerve Enhance Working Memory? A Behavioral and Physiological Investigation.0 aDoes Vibrotactile Stimulation of the Auricular Vagus Nerve Enhan  c2024 Mar 273 a<p><b>BACKGROUND: </b>Working memory is essential to a wide range of cognitive functions and activities. Transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) is a promising method to improve working memory performance. However, the feasibility and scalability of electrical stimulation are constrained by several limitations, such as auricular discomfort and inconsistent electrical contact.</p><p><b>OBJECTIVE: </b>We aimed to develop a novel and practical method, vibrotactile taVNS, to improve working memory. Further, we investigated its effects on arousal, measured by skin conductance and pupil diameter.</p><p><b>METHOD: </b>This study included 20 healthy participants. Behavioral response, skin conductance, and eye tracking data were concurrently recorded while the participants performed N-back tasks under three conditions: vibrotactile taVNS delivered to the cymba concha, earlobe (sham control), and no stimulation (baseline control).</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>In 4-back tasks, which demand maximal working memory capacity, active vibrotactile taVNS significantly improved the performance metric  ' compared to the baseline but not to the sham. Moreover, we found that the reduction rate of  ' with increasing task difficulty was significantly smaller during vibrotactile taVNS sessions than in both baseline and sham conditions. Arousal, measured as skin conductance and pupil diameter, declined over the course of the tasks. Vibrotactile taVNS rescued this arousal decline, leading to arousal levels corresponding to optimal working memory levels. Moreover, pupil diameter and skin conductance level were higher during high-cognitive-load tasks when vibrotactile taVNS was delivered to the concha compared to baseline and sham.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>Our findings suggest that vibrotactile taVNS modulates the arousal pathway and could be a potential intervention for enhancing working memory.</p><p><b>HIGHLIGHTS: </b>Vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve increases general arousal.Vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve mitigates arousal decreases as subjects continuously perform working memory tasks.6 Hz Vibrotactile auricular vagus nerve stimulation is a potential intervention for enhancing working memory performance.</p>1 aTan, Gansheng1 aAdams, Josh1 aDonovan, Kara1 aDemarest, Phillip1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aGorlewicz, Jenna, L1 aLeuthardt, Eric, C  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/does-vibrotactile-stimulation-auricular-vagus-nerve-enhance-working-100738nas a2200193   4500008004100000245013200041210006900173300001400242490000700256100001800263700001600281700001800297700002200315700001900337700001900356700002400375700002300399856012200422       2024                        eng d00aDoes vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve enhance working memory? A behavioral and physiological investigation0 aDoes vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve enhan  a460–4680 v171 aTan, Gansheng1 aAdams, Josh1 aDonovan, Kara1 aDemarest, Phillip1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aGorlewicz, Jenna, L1 aLeuthardt, Eric, C  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/does-vibrotactile-stimulation-auricular-vagus-nerve-enhance-working03675nas a2200265   4500008004100000245014700041210006900188260001600257520272400273100001802997700002303015700002103038700002203059700001803081700001403099700001903113700001703132700002503149700002403174700002103198700002303219700001903242700002303261856012503284       2024                        eng d00aThe effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cardiovascular function in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: a safety study.0 aeffect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on ca  c2024 Sep 083 a<p><b>INTRODUCTION: </b>Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is characterized by intense central inflammation, leading to substantial post-hemorrhagic complications such as vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Given the anti-inflammatory effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) and its ability to promote brain plasticity, taVNS has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for SAH patients. However, the effects of taVNS on cardiovascular dynamics in critically ill patients, like those with SAH, have not yet been investigated. Given the association between cardiac complications and elevated risk of poor clinical outcomes after SAH, it is essential to characterize the cardiovascular effects of taVNS to ensure this approach is safe in this fragile population. Therefore, we assessed the impact of both acute taVNS and repetitive taVNS on cardiovascular function in this study.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>In this randomized clinical trial, 24 SAH patients were assigned to either a taVNS treatment or a Sham treatment group. During their stay in the intensive care unit, we monitored patient electrocardiogram (ECG) readings and vital signs. We compared long-term changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, QT interval, and blood pressure between the two groups. Additionally, we assessed the effects of acute taVNS by comparing cardiovascular metrics before, during, and after the intervention. We also explored acute cardiovascular biomarkers in patients exhibiting clinical improvement.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>We found that repetitive taVNS did not significantly alter heart rate, QT interval, blood pressure, or intracranial pressure. However, taVNS increased overall heart rate variability and parasympathetic activity compared to the sham treatment. The increase in parasympathetic activity was most pronounced from 2-4 days after initial treatment (Cohen's d = 0.50). Acutely, taVNS increased heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral perfusion index without affecting the corrected QT interval, intracranial pressure, or heart rate variability. The acute post-treatment elevation in heart rate was more pronounced in patients who experienced a decrease of more than one point in their Modified Rankin Score at the time of discharge.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>Our study found that taVNS treatment did not induce adverse cardiovascular effects, such as bradycardia or QT prolongation, supporting its development as a safe immunomodulatory treatment approach for SAH patients. The observed acute increase in heart rate after taVNS treatment may serve as a biomarker for SAH patients who could derive greater benefit from this treatment.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION: </b>NCT04557618.</p>1 aTan, Gansheng1 aHuguenard, Anna, L1 aDonovan, Kara, M1 aDemarest, Phillip1 aLiu, Xiaoxuan1 aLi, Ziwei1 aAdamek, Markus1 aLavine, Kory1 aVellimana, Ananth, K1 aKummer, Terrance, T1 aOsbun, Joshua, W1 aZipfel, Gregory, J1 aBrunner, Peter1 aLeuthardt, Eric, C  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/effect-transcutaneous-auricular-vagus-nerve-stimulation-cardiovascular01915nas a2200349   4500008004100000022001400041245004100055210004000096260001600136300000900152490000700161520102100168653001001189653001001199653002001209653002001229653001101249653001101260653000901271653001801280653001601298653001601314100001301330700001901343700001601362700002201378700002501400700001901425700001901444700001701463856008501480       2024                        eng d  a2041-172300aGraded decisions in the human brain.0 aGraded decisions in the human brain  c2024 May 21  a43080 v153 a<p>Decision-makers objectively commit to a definitive choice, yet at the subjective level, human decisions appear to be associated with a degree of uncertainty. Whether decisions are definitive (i.e., concluding in all-or-none choices), or whether the underlying representations are graded, remains unclear. To answer this question, we recorded intracranial neural signals directly from the brain while human subjects made perceptual decisions. The recordings revealed that broadband gamma activity reflecting each individual's decision-making process, ramped up gradually while being graded by the accumulated decision evidence. Crucially, this grading effect persisted throughout the decision process without ever reaching a definite bound at the time of choice. This effect was most prominent in the parietal cortex, a brain region traditionally implicated in decision-making. These results provide neural evidence for a graded decision process in humans and an analog framework for flexible choice behavior.</p>10aAdult10aBrain10aChoice Behavior10aDecision Making10aFemale10aHumans10aMale10aParietal Lobe10aUncertainty10aYoung Adult1 aXie, Tao1 aAdamek, Markus1 aCho, Hohyun1 aAdamo, Matthew, A1 aRitaccio, Anthony, L1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aKubanek, Jan  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/graded-decisions-human-brain-000564nas a2200193   4500008004100000245004000041210004000081300000900121490000700130100001300137700001900150700001600169700002200185700002500207700001900232700001900251700001700270856008300287       2024                        eng d00aGraded decisions in the human brain0 aGraded decisions in the human brain  a43080 v151 aXie, Tao1 aAdamek, Markus1 aCho, Hohyun1 aAdamo, Matthew, A1 aRitaccio, Anthony, L1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aKubanek, Jan  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/graded-decisions-human-brain02153nas a2200313   4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260001600218300001100234490000700245520118200252653001301434653002301447653001601470653001101486653001301497653003201510653002801542100001601570700001601586700001901602700001901621700001201640700002201652700002701674700001501701856012301716       2024                        eng d  a2211-124700aNeural mechanisms of face familiarity and learning in the human amygdala and hippocampus.0 aNeural mechanisms of face familiarity and learning in the human   c2024 Jan 23  a1135200 v433 a<p>Recognizing familiar faces and learning new faces play an important role in social cognition. However, the underlying neural computational mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we record from single neurons in the human amygdala and hippocampus and find a greater neuronal representational distance between pairs of familiar faces than unfamiliar faces, suggesting that neural representations for familiar faces are more distinct. Representational distance increases with exposures to the same identity, suggesting that neural face representations are sharpened with learning and familiarization. Furthermore, representational distance is positively correlated with visual dissimilarity between faces, and exposure to visually similar faces increases representational distance, thus sharpening neural representations. Finally, we construct a computational model that demonstrates an increase in the representational distance of artificial units with training. Together, our results suggest that the neuronal population geometry, quantified by the representational distance, encodes face familiarity, similarity, and learning, forming the basis of face recognition and memory.</p>10aAmygdala10aFacial Recognition10aHippocampus10aHumans10aLearning10aPattern Recognition, Visual10aRecognition, Psychology1 aCao, Runnan1 aWang, Jinge1 aBrunner, Peter1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aLi, Xin1 aRutishauser, Ueli1 aBrandmeir, Nicholas, J1 aWang, Shuo  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/neural-mechanisms-face-familiarity-and-learning-human-amygdala-and-000659nas a2200181   4500008004100000245009300041210006900134490000700203100001600210700001600226700001900242700001900261700001200280700002200292700002700314700001500341856012100356       2024                        eng d00aNeural mechanisms of face familiarity and learning in the human amygdala and hippocampus0 aNeural mechanisms of face familiarity and learning in the human 0 v431 aCao, Runnan1 aWang, Jinge1 aBrunner, Peter1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aLi, Xin1 aRutishauser, Ueli1 aBrandmeir, Nicholas, J1 aWang, Shuo  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/neural-mechanisms-face-familiarity-and-learning-human-amygdala-and00712nas a2200193   4500008004100000245010200041210006900143300001600212490000600228100002000234700001800254700002400272700001900296700002500315700001900340700001900359700002300378856011700401       2024                        eng d00aNeural populations in the language network differ in the size of their temporal receptive windows0 aNeural populations in the language network differ in the size of  a1924–19420 v81 aRegev, Tamar, I1 aCasto, Colton1 aHosseini, Eghbal, A1 aAdamek, Markus1 aRitaccio, Anthony, L1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aFedorenko, Evelina  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/neural-populations-language-network-differ-size-their-temporal04112nas a2200241   4500008004100000245016200041210006900203260001600272520319000288100002303478700001803501700002603519700001903545700002103564700002403585700002103609700002503630700002303655700002303678700001903701700002303720856012703743       2024                        eng d00aNon-invasive Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (NAVSaH): Protocol for a prospective, triple-blinded, randomized controlled trial.0 aNoninvasive Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation for Subarachnoid H  c2024 Mar 193 a<p><b>BACKGROUND: </b>Inflammation has been implicated in driving the morbidity associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite understanding the important role of inflammation in morbidity following SAH, there is no current effective way to modulate this deleterious response. There is a critical need for a novel approach to immunomodulation that can be safely, rapidly, and effectively deployed in SAH patients. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) provides a non-pharmacologic approach to immunomodulation, with prior studies demonstrating VNS can reduce systemic inflammatory markers, and VNS has had early success treating inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, sepsis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of the Non-invasive Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (NAVSaH) trial is to translate the use of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) to spontaneous SAH, with our central hypothesis being that implementing taVNS in the acute period following spontaneous SAH attenuates the expected inflammatory response to hemorrhage and curtails morbidity associated with inflammatory-mediated clinical endpoints.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </b>The overall objectives for the NAHSaH trial are to 1) Define the impact that taVNS has on SAH-induced inflammatory markers in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 2) Determine whether taVNS following SAH reduces radiographic vasospasm, and 3) Determine whether taVNS following SAH reduces chronic hydrocephalus. Following presentation to a single enrollment site, enrolled SAH patients are randomly assigned twice daily treatment with either taVNS or sham stimulation for the duration of their intensive care unit stay. Blood and CSF are drawn before initiation of treatment sessions, and then every three days during a patient's hospital stay. Primary endpoints include change in the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid between day 1 and day 13, rate of radiographic vasospasm, and rate of requirement for long-term CSF diversion via a ventricular shunt. Secondary outcomes include exploratory analyses of a panel of additional cytokines, number and type of hospitalized acquired infections, duration of external ventricular drain in days, interventions required for vasospasm, continuous physiology data before, during, and after treatment sessions, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, and modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) at admission, discharge, and each at follow-up appointment for up to two years following SAH.</p><p><b>DISCUSSION: </b>Inflammation plays a central role in morbidity following SAH. This NAVSaH trial is innovative because it diverges from the pharmacologic status quo by harnessing a novel non-invasive neuromodulatory approach and its known anti-inflammatory effects to alter the pathophysiology of SAH. The investigation of a new, effective, and rapidly deployable intervention in SAH offers a new route to improve outcomes following SAH.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION: </b>Clinical Trials Registered, NCT04557618. Registered on September 21, 2020, and the first patient was enrolled on January 4, 2021.</p>1 aHuguenard, Anna, L1 aTan, Gansheng1 aJohnson, Gabrielle, W1 aAdamek, Markus1 aCoxon, Andrew, T1 aKummer, Terrance, T1 aOsbun, Joshua, W1 aVellimana, Ananth, K1 aLimbrick, David, D1 aZipfel, Gregory, J1 aBrunner, Peter1 aLeuthardt, Eric, C  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/non-invasive-auricular-vagus-nerve-stimulation-subarachnoid-hemorrhage-004496nas a2200409   4500008004100000022001400041245016200055210006900217260000900286300001300295490000700308520319000315653001003505653001103515653001103526653001703537653000903554653001603563653002403579653004203603653002803645653002203673653002803695100002003723700001803743700002303761700001903784700001803803700002103821700001803842700002203860700002003882700002003902700001903922700002003941856012503961       2024                        eng d  a1932-620300aNon-invasive Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (NAVSaH): Protocol for a prospective, triple-blinded, randomized controlled trial.0 aNoninvasive Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation for Subarachnoid H  c2024  ae03011540 v193 a<p><b>BACKGROUND: </b>Inflammation has been implicated in driving the morbidity associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite understanding the important role of inflammation in morbidity following SAH, there is no current effective way to modulate this deleterious response. There is a critical need for a novel approach to immunomodulation that can be safely, rapidly, and effectively deployed in SAH patients. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) provides a non-pharmacologic approach to immunomodulation, with prior studies demonstrating VNS can reduce systemic inflammatory markers, and VNS has had early success treating inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, sepsis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of the Non-invasive Auricular Vagus nerve stimulation for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (NAVSaH) trial is to translate the use of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) to spontaneous SAH, with our central hypothesis being that implementing taVNS in the acute period following spontaneous SAH attenuates the expected inflammatory response to hemorrhage and curtails morbidity associated with inflammatory-mediated clinical endpoints.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </b>The overall objectives for the NAHSaH trial are to 1) Define the impact that taVNS has on SAH-induced inflammatory markers in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 2) Determine whether taVNS following SAH reduces radiographic vasospasm, and 3) Determine whether taVNS following SAH reduces chronic hydrocephalus. Following presentation to a single enrollment site, enrolled SAH patients are randomly assigned twice daily treatment with either taVNS or sham stimulation for the duration of their intensive care unit stay. Blood and CSF are drawn before initiation of treatment sessions, and then every three days during a patient's hospital stay. Primary endpoints include change in the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid between day 1 and day 13, rate of radiographic vasospasm, and rate of requirement for long-term CSF diversion via a ventricular shunt. Secondary outcomes include exploratory analyses of a panel of additional cytokines, number and type of hospitalized acquired infections, duration of external ventricular drain in days, interventions required for vasospasm, continuous physiology data before, during, and after treatment sessions, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, and modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) at admission, discharge, and each at follow-up appointment for up to two years following SAH.</p><p><b>DISCUSSION: </b>Inflammation plays a central role in morbidity following SAH. This NAVSaH trial is innovative because it diverges from the pharmacologic status quo by harnessing a novel non-invasive neuromodulatory approach and its known anti-inflammatory effects to alter the pathophysiology of SAH. The investigation of a new, effective, and rapidly deployable intervention in SAH offers a new route to improve outcomes following SAH.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION: </b>Clinical Trials Registered, NCT04557618. Registered on September 21, 2020, and the first patient was enrolled on January 4, 2021.</p>10aAdult10aFemale10aHumans10aInflammation10aMale10aMiddle Aged10aProspective Studies10aRandomized Controlled Trials as Topic10aSubarachnoid Hemorrhage10aTreatment Outcome10aVagus Nerve Stimulation1 aHuguenard, Anna1 aTan, Gansheng1 aJohnson, Gabrielle1 aAdamek, Markus1 aCoxon, Andrew1 aKummer, Terrance1 aOsbun, Joshua1 aVellimana, Ananth1 aLimbrick, David1 aZipfel, Gregory1 aBrunner, Peter1 aLeuthardt, Eric  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/non-invasive-auricular-vagus-nerve-stimulation-subarachnoid-hemorrhage00590nas a2200157   4500008004100000245007200041210006900113100002400182700002000206700001900226700001900245700002500264700001700289700001200306856011400318       2024                        eng d00aNon-invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces: State of the Art and Trends0 aNoninvasive BrainComputer Interfaces State of the Art and Trends1 aEdelman, Bradley, J1 aZhang, Shuailei1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aBrunner, Peter1 aMüller-Putz, Gernot1 aGuan, Cuntai1 aHe, Bin  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/non-invasive-brain-computer-interfaces-state-art-and-trends03045nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250520242400266100001602690700001902706700001902725700001902744856012402763       2024                        eng d  a2692-820500aNovel Cyclic Homogeneous Oscillation Detection Method for High Accuracy and Specific Characterization of Neural Dynamics.0 aNovel Cyclic Homogeneous Oscillation Detection Method for High A  c2024 Mar 233 a<p>Detecting temporal and spectral features of neural oscillations is essential to understanding dynamic brain function. Traditionally, the presence and frequency of neural oscillations are determined by identifying peaks over 1/f noise within the power spectrum. However, this approach solely operates within the frequency domain and thus cannot adequately distinguish between the fundamental frequency of a non-sinusoidal oscillation and its harmonics. Non-sinusoidal signals generate harmonics, significantly increasing the false-positive detection rate - a confounding factor in the analysis of neural oscillations. To overcome these limitations, we define the fundamental criteria that characterize a neural oscillation and introduce the Cyclic Homogeneous Oscillation (CHO) detection method that implements these criteria based on an auto-correlation approach that determines the oscillation's periodicity and fundamental frequency. We evaluated CHO by verifying its performance on simulated sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal oscillatory bursts convolved with 1/f noise. Our results demonstrate that CHO outperforms conventional techniques in accurately detecting oscillations. Specifically, we determined the sensitivity and specificity of CHO as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We further assessed CHO by testing it on electrocorticographic (ECoG, 8 subjects) and electroencephalographic (EEG, 7 subjects) signals recorded during the pre-stimulus period of an auditory reaction time task and on electrocorticographic signals (6 SEEG subjects and 6 ECoG subjects) collected during resting state. In the reaction time task, the CHO method detected auditory alpha and pre-motor beta oscillations in ECoG signals and occipital alpha and pre-motor beta oscillations in EEG signals. Moreover, CHO determined the fundamental frequency of hippocampal oscillations in the human hippocampus during the resting state (6 SEEG subjects). In summary, CHO demonstrates high precision and specificity in detecting neural oscillations in time and frequency domains. The method's specificity enables the detailed study of non-sinusoidal characteristics of oscillations, such as the degree of asymmetry and waveform of an oscillation. Furthermore, CHO can be applied to identify how neural oscillations govern interactions throughout the brain and to determine oscillatory biomarkers that index abnormal brain function.</p>1 aCho, Hohyun1 aAdamek, Markus1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/novel-cyclic-homogeneous-oscillation-detection-method-high-accuracy-100595nas a2200145   4500008004100000245012500041210006900166300001200235490000700247100001600254700001900270700001900289700001900308856012200327       2024                        eng d00aNovel cyclic homogeneous oscillation detection method for high accuracy and specific characterization of neural dynamics0 aNovel cyclic homogeneous oscillation detection method for high a  aRP916050 v121 aCho, Hohyun1 aAdamek, Markus1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/novel-cyclic-homogeneous-oscillation-detection-method-high-accuracy02340nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250490000700266520152600273653001001799653002501809653002701834653001101861653004101872100001601913700001901929700001901948700001901967856012401986       2024                        eng d  a2050-084X00aNovel cyclic homogeneous oscillation detection method for high accuracy and specific characterization of neural dynamics.0 aNovel cyclic homogeneous oscillation detection method for high a  c2024 Sep 060 v123 a<p>Determining the presence and frequency of neural oscillations is essential to understanding dynamic brain function. Traditional methods that detect peaks over 1/ noise within the power spectrum fail to distinguish between the fundamental frequency and harmonics of often highly non-sinusoidal neural oscillations. To overcome this limitation, we define fundamental criteria that characterize neural oscillations and introduce the cyclic homogeneous oscillation (CHO) detection method. We implemented these criteria based on an autocorrelation approach to determine an oscillation's fundamental frequency. We evaluated CHO by verifying its performance on simulated non-sinusoidal oscillatory bursts and validated its ability to determine the fundamental frequency of neural oscillations in electrocorticographic (ECoG), electroencephalographic (EEG), and stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) signals recorded from 27 human subjects. Our results demonstrate that CHO outperforms conventional techniques in accurately detecting oscillations. In summary, CHO demonstrates high precision and specificity in detecting neural oscillations in time and frequency domains. The method's specificity enables the detailed study of non-sinusoidal characteristics of oscillations, such as the degree of asymmetry and waveform of an oscillation. Furthermore, CHO can be applied to identify how neural oscillations govern interactions throughout the brain and to determine oscillatory biomarkers that index abnormal brain function.</p>10aBrain10aElectrocorticography10aElectroencephalography10aHumans10aSignal Processing, Computer-Assisted1 aCho, Hohyun1 aAdamek, Markus1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/novel-cyclic-homogeneous-oscillation-detection-method-high-accuracy-002504nas a2200385   4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260001600229300000900245490000700254520128700261653003001548653001701578653002701595653001101622653002501633653001801658653004601676653001901722100002201741700001901763700001701782700001301799700001901812700001601831700002201847700001801869700002301887700002101910700001901931700002401950700002301974856012101997       2024                        eng d  a2045-232200aA novel theta-controlled vibrotactile brain-computer interface to treat chronic pain: a pilot study.0 anovel thetacontrolled vibrotactile braincomputer interface to tr  c2024 Feb 10  a34330 v143 a<p>Limitations in chronic pain therapies necessitate novel interventions that are effective, accessible, and safe. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a promising modality for targeting neuropathology underlying chronic pain by converting recorded neural activity into perceivable outputs. Recent evidence suggests that increased frontal theta power (4-7 Hz) reflects pain relief from chronic and acute pain. Further studies have suggested that vibrotactile stimulation decreases pain intensity in experimental and clinical models. This longitudinal, non-randomized, open-label pilot study's objective was to reinforce frontal theta activity in six patients with chronic upper extremity pain using a novel vibrotactile neurofeedback BCI system. Patients increased their BCI performance, reflecting thought-driven control of neurofeedback, and showed a significant decrease in pain severity (1.29 ± 0.25 MAD, p = 0.03, q = 0.05) and pain interference (1.79 ± 1.10 MAD p = 0.03, q = 0.05) scores without any adverse events. Pain relief significantly correlated with frontal theta modulation. These findings highlight the potential of BCI-mediated cortico-sensory coupling of frontal theta with vibrotactile stimulation for alleviating chronic pain.</p>10abrain-computer interfaces10aChronic Pain10aElectroencephalography10aHumans10aLongitudinal Studies10aNeurofeedback10aNon-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic10aPilot Projects1 aDemarest, Phillip1 aRustamov, Nabi1 aSwift, James1 aXie, Tao1 aAdamek, Markus1 aCho, Hohyun1 aWilson, Elizabeth1 aHan, Zhuangyu1 aBelsten, Alexander1 aLuczak, Nicholas1 aBrunner, Peter1 aHaroutounian, Simon1 aLeuthardt, Eric, C  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/novel-theta-controlled-vibrotactile-brain-computer-interface-treat02357nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245007700055210006900132260001200201490000700213520170000220100002401920700003201944700002401976700002202000700002102022700001902043700002102062856006802083       2023                        eng d  a1662-453X00aCharacterization of High-Gamma Activity in Electrocorticographic signals0 aCharacterization of HighGamma Activity in Electrocorticographic   c08/20230 v173 aIntroduction: Electrocorticographic (ECoG) high-gamma activity (HGA) is a widely recognized and robust neural correlate of cognition and behavior. However, fundamental signal properties of HGA, such as the high-gamma frequency band or temporal dynamics of HGA, have never been systematically characterized. As a result, HGA estimators are often poorly adjusted, such that they miss valuable physiological information.

Methods: To address these issues, we conducted a thorough qualitative and quantitative characterization of HGA in ECoG signals. Our study is based on ECoG signals recorded from 18 epilepsy patients while performing motor control, listening, and visual perception tasks. In this study, we first categorize HGA into HGA types based on the cognitive/behavioral task. For each HGA type, we then systematically quantify three fundamental signal properties of HGA: the high-gamma frequency band, the HGA bandwidth, and the temporal dynamics of HGA.

Results: The high-gamma frequency band strongly varies across subjects and across cognitive/behavioral tasks. In addition, HGA time courses have lowpass character, with transients limited to 10 Hz. The task-related rise time and duration of these HGA time courses depend on the individual subject and cognitive/behavioral task. Task-related HGA amplitudes are comparable across the investigated tasks.

Discussion: This study is of high practical relevance because it provides a systematic basis for optimizing experiment design, ECoG acquisition and processing, and HGA estimation. Our results reveal previously unknown characteristics of HGA, the physiological principles of which need to be investigated in further studies.1 aGruenwald, Johannes1 aSieghartsleitner, Sebastian1 aKapeller, Christoph1 aScharinger, Josef1 aKamada, Kyousuke1 aBrunner, Peter1 aGuger, Christoph  uhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.120612001554nas a2200301   4500008004100000022001400041245006600055210006300121260001200184300001400196490000700210520064700217653001800864653001700882653001300899100002300912700001800935700003000953700002200983700002501005700002501030700001901055700001901074700002401093700001701117700001901134856009901153       2023                        eng d  a1546-172600aA motor association area in the depths of the central sulcus.0 amotor association area in the depths of the central sulcus  c07/2023  a1165-11690 v263 a<p>Cells in the precentral gyrus directly send signals to the periphery to generate movement and are principally organized as a topological map of the body. We find that movement-induced electrophysiological responses from depth electrodes extend this map three-dimensionally throughout the gyrus. Unexpectedly, this organization is interrupted by a previously undescribed motor association area in the depths of the midlateral aspect of the central sulcus. This 'Rolandic motor association' (RMA) area is active during movements of different body parts from both sides of the body and may be important for coordinating complex behaviors.</p>10aBrain Mapping10aMotor Cortex10aMovement1 aJensen, Michael, A1 aHuang, Harvey1 aValencia, Gabriela, Ojeda1 aKlassen, Bryan, T1 avan den Boom, Max, A1 aKaufmann, Timothy, J1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aBrunner, Peter1 aWorrell, Gregory, A1 aHermes, Dora1 aMiller, Kai, J  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2023/motor-association-area-depths-central-sulcus02553nas a2200325   4500008004100000022001400041245011400055210006900169260001200238300001000250490000800260520151900268653002401787653001001811653001801821653002001839653002501859653001101884653001301895100002401908700002001932700002401952700002301976700002201999700002102021700002502042700001902067700001902086856012202105       2023                        eng d  a1872-895200aPassive functional mapping of receptive language cortex during general anesthesia using electrocorticography.0 aPassive functional mapping of receptive language cortex during g  c03/2023  a31-440 v1473 a<p><b>OBJECTIVE: </b>To investigate the feasibility of passive functional mapping in the receptive language cortex during general anesthesia using electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>We used subdurally placed ECoG grids to record cortical responses to speech stimuli during awake and anesthesia conditions. We identified the cortical areas with significant responses to the stimuli using the spectro-temporal consistency of the brain signal in the broadband gamma (BBG) frequency band (70-170 Hz).</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>We found that ECoG BBG responses during general anesthesia effectively identify cortical regions associated with receptive language function. Our analyses demonstrated that the ability to identify receptive language cortex varies across different states and depths of anesthesia. We confirmed these results by comparing them to receptive language areas identified during the awake condition. Quantification of these results demonstrated an average sensitivity and specificity of passive language mapping during general anesthesia to be 49±7.7% and 100%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>Our results demonstrate that mapping receptive language cortex in patients during general anesthesia is feasible.</p><p><b>SIGNIFICANCE: </b>Our proposed protocol could greatly expand the population of patients that can benefit from passive language mapping techniques, and could eliminate the risks associated with electrocortical stimulation during an awake craniotomy.</p>10aAnesthesia, General10aBrain10aBrain Mapping10aCerebral Cortex10aElectrocorticography10aHumans10aLanguage1 aNourmohammadi, Amin1 aSwift, James, R1 ade Pesters, Adriana1 aGuay, Christian, S1 aAdamo, Matthew, A1 aDalfino, John, C1 aRitaccio, Anthony, L1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aBrunner, Peter  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2023/passive-functional-mapping-receptive-language-cortex-during-general04323nas a2200877   4500008004100000022001400041245008800055210006900143260001200212300001200224490000800236520184100244653001202085653001802097653001002115653001402125653002202139653000902161653000902170653001102179653001102190653002002201653001102221653003102232653001702263653001002280100002002290700002502310700001902335700002202354700002002376700002302396700002202419700002202441700002302463700002602486700001602512700002202528700002202550700002102572700001702593700002002610700002002630700002202650700002202672700001902694700003002713700002302743700002202766700002502788700001302813700002102826700002702847700002302874700002002897700002302917700002002940700001902960700001902979700002302998700002103021700001703042700002103059700002203080700002303102700002303125700001803148700002203166700002103188700002403209700002303233700002403256700002003280700002503300856012003325       2023                        eng d  a1476-468700aA somato-cognitive action network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex.0 asomatocognitive action network alternates with effector regions   c05/2023  a351-3590 v6173 a<p>Motor cortex (M1) has been thought to form a continuous somatotopic homunculus extending down the precentral gyrus from foot to face representations, despite evidence for concentric functional zones and maps of complex actions. Here, using precision functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods, we find that the classic homunculus is interrupted by regions with distinct connectivity, structure and function, alternating with effector-specific (foot, hand and mouth) areas. These inter-effector regions exhibit decreased cortical thickness and strong functional connectivity to each other, as well as to the cingulo-opercular network (CON), critical for action and physiological control, arousal, errors and pain. This interdigitation of action control-linked and motor effector regions was verified in the three largest fMRI datasets. Macaque and pediatric (newborn, infant and child) precision fMRI suggested cross-species homologues and developmental precursors of the inter-effector system. A battery of motor and action fMRI tasks documented concentric effector somatotopies, separated by the CON-linked inter-effector regions. The inter-effectors lacked movement specificity and co-activated during action planning (coordination of hands and feet) and axial body movement (such as of the abdomen or eyebrows). These results, together with previous studies demonstrating stimulation-evoked complex actions and connectivity to internal organs such as the adrenal medulla, suggest that M1 is punctuated by a system for whole-body action planning, the somato-cognitive action network (SCAN). In M1, two parallel systems intertwine, forming an integrate-isolate pattern: effector-specific regions (foot, hand and mouth) for isolating fine motor control and the SCAN for integrating goals, physiology and body movement.</p>10aAnimals10aBrain Mapping10aChild10aCognition10aDatasets as Topic10aFoot10aHand10aHumans10aInfant10aInfant, Newborn10aMacaca10aMagnetic Resonance Imaging10aMotor Cortex10aMouth1 aGordon, Evan, M1 aChauvin, Roselyne, J1 aVan, Andrew, N1 aRajesh, Aishwarya1 aNielsen, Ashley1 aNewbold, Dillan, J1 aLynch, Charles, J1 aSeider, Nicole, A1 aKrimmel, Samuel, R1 aScheidter, Kristen, M1 aMonk, Julia1 aMiller, Ryland, L1 aMetoki, Athanasia1 aMontez, David, F1 aZheng, Annie1 aElbau, Immanuel1 aMadison, Thomas1 aNishino, Tomoyuki1 aMyers, Michael, J1 aKaplan, Sydney1 aD'Andrea, Carolina, Badke1 aDemeter, Damion, V1 aFeigelis, Matthew1 aRamirez, Julian, S B1 aXu, Ting1 aBarch, Deanna, M1 aSmyser, Christopher, D1 aRogers, Cynthia, E1 aZimmermann, Jan1 aBotteron, Kelly, N1 aPruett, John, R1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aShimony, Joshua, S1 aKay, Benjamin, P1 aMarek, Scott1 aNorris, Scott, A1 aGratton, Caterina1 aSylvester, Chad, M1 aPower, Jonathan, D1 aListon, Conor1 aGreene, Deanna, J1 aRoland, Jarod, L1 aPetersen, Steven, E1 aRaichle, Marcus, E1 aLaumann, Timothy, O1 aFair, Damien, A1 aDosenbach, Nico, U F  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2023/somato-cognitive-action-network-alternates-effector-regions-motor02056nas a2200313   4500008004100000022001400041245016300055210006900218260001200287300001100299490000700310520100100317100001901318700002001337700001801357700002301375700001601398700002401414700001701438700002201455700002101477700002001498700002201518700001901540700001901559700002401578700001901602856012101621       2022                        eng d  a1662-454800aToward a fully implantable ecosystem for adaptive neuromodulation in humans: Preliminary experience with the CorTec BrainInterchange device in a canine model.0 aToward a fully implantable ecosystem for adaptive neuromodulatio  c12/2022  a9327820 v163 a<p>This article describes initial work toward an ecosystem for adaptive neuromodulation in humans by documenting the experience of implanting CorTec's BrainInterchange (BIC) device in a beagle canine and using the BCI2000 environment to interact with the BIC device. It begins with laying out the substantial opportunity presented by a useful, easy-to-use, and widely available hardware/software ecosystem in the current landscape of the field of adaptive neuromodulation, and then describes experience with implantation, software integration, and post-surgical validation of recording of brain signals and implant parameters. Initial experience suggests that the hardware capabilities of the BIC device are fully supported by BCI2000, and that the BIC/BCI2000 device can record and process brain signals during free behavior. With further development and validation, the BIC/BCI2000 ecosystem could become an important tool for research into new adaptive neuromodulation protocols in humans.</p>1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aWorrell, Samuel1 aMivalt, Filip1 aBelsten, Alexander1 aKim, Inyong1 aMorris, Jonathan, M1 aHermes, Dora1 aKlassen, Bryan, T1 aStaff, Nathan, P1 aMessina, Steven1 aKaufmann, Timothy1 aRickert, Jörn1 aBrunner, Peter1 aWorrell, Gregory, A1 aMiller, Kai, J  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2022/toward-fully-implantable-ecosystem-adaptive-neuromodulation-humans