02019nas a2200145   4500008004100000245008500041210006900126300001400195520145800209100002201667700002701689700002101716700002101737856011501758       2025                        eng d00aCharacterization of cutaneous reflexes elicited from saphenous nerve stimulation0 aCharacterization of cutaneous reflexes elicited from saphenous n  a2025–103 aPhantom limb pain (PLP) is a chronic neuropathic condition that affects amputees. Cutaneous reflexes (CRs), mediated by spinal interneuronal circuits, represent a potential pathway linking non-nociceptive input to nociceptive modulation that could be targeted with neuromodulatory techniques such as operant conditioning. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel method for eliciting CRs from proximal muscles via saphenous nerve stimulation to enable future applications in individuals with PLP. We recruited 14 healthy adults and elicited CRs in the rectus femoris muscle via transcutaneous stimulation of the saphenous nerve at multiple stimulation intensities below their pain thresholds. We evaluated the consistency and reliability of CR response latencies and magnitudes, comparing the symmetry between the bilaterally (e.g. right and left legs). We found that CRs could be reliably elicited 50-100ms post-stimulus using saphenous stimulation and that responses were reliable at stimulation intensities below pain thresholds. Furthermore, we found the CR responses were relatively symmetrical in our healthy adult population. This study is the first of its kind to show that proximal (vs distal) CRs could be consistently elicited through the saphenous nerve stimulation. These findings imply that proximal CRs may be a feasible target for neuromodulatory interventions such as operant conditioning paradigms in the future.1 aHardesty, Russell1 aRueda-Parra, Sebastian1 aWolpaw, Jonathan1 aBrangaccio, Jodi  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2025/characterization-cutaneous-reflexes-elicited-saphenous-nerve02837nas a2200169   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001100220490000700231520221500238100001702453700002102470700002102491700002102512700001302533856012102546       2025                        eng d00aExtracting robust single-trial somatosensory evoked potentials for non-invasive brain computer interfaces0 aExtracting robust singletrial somatosensory evoked potentials fo  a0560040 v223 aObjective: Reliable extraction of single-trial somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) is essential for developing brain-computer interface (BCI) applications to support rehabilitation after brain injury. For real-time feedback, these responses must be extracted prospectively on every trial, with minimal post-processing and artifact correction. However, noninvasive SEPs elicited by electrical stimulation at recommended parameter settings (0.1–0.2 msec pulse width, stimulation at or below motor threshold, 2–5 Hz frequency) are typically small and variable, often requiring averaging across multiple trials or extensive processing. Here, we describe and evaluate ways to optimize the stimulation setup to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of noninvasive single-trial SEPs, enabling more reliable extraction. Approach: SEPs were recorded with scalp electroencephalography in tibial nerve stimulation in thirteen healthy people, and two people with CNS injuries. Three stimulation frequencies (lower than recommended: 0.2 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz) with a pulse width longer than recommended (1 msec), at a stimulation intensity based on H-reflex and M-wave at Soleus muscle were evaluated. Detectability of single-trial SEPs relative to background noise was tested offline and in a pseudo-online analysis, followed by a real-time demonstration. Main results. SEP N70 was observed predominantly at the central scalp regions. Online decoding performance was significantly higher with Laplacian filter. Generalization performance showed an expected degradation, at all frequencies, with an average decrease of 5.9% (multivariate) and 6.5% (univariate), with an AUC score ranging from 0.78–0.90. The difference across stimulation frequencies was not significant. In individuals with injuries, AUC of 0.86 (incomplete spinal cord injury) and 0.81 (stroke) was feasible. Real-time demonstration showed SEP detection with AUC of 0.89. Significance This study describes and evaluates a system for extracting single-trial SEPs in real-time, suitable for a BCI-based operant conditioning. It enhances SNR of individual SEPs by alternate electrical stimulation parameters, dry headset, and optimized signal processing.1 aGupta, Disha1 aBrangaccio, Jodi1 aMojtabavi, Helia1 aWolpaw, Jonathan1 aHill, NJ  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2025/extracting-robust-single-trial-somatosensory-evoked-potentials-non02568nas a2200409   4500008004100000022001400041245008600055210006900141260000900210300001200219490000700231520134100238100001801579700001601597700002901613700001701642700002801659700001701687700002101704700002001725700002001745700001801765700002101783700002301804700002201827700002401849700001701873700001901890700001601909700002101925700001801946700002101964700002401985700002102009700001802030856011002048       2021                        eng d  a1874-549000aRecommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies.0 aRecommendations for Responsible Development and Application of N  c2021  a365-3860 v143 a<p>Advancements in novel neurotechnologies, such as brain computer interfaces (BCI) and neuromodulatory devices such as deep brain stimulators (DBS), will have profound implications for society and human rights. While these technologies are improving the diagnosis and treatment of mental and neurological diseases, they can also alter individual agency and estrange those using neurotechnologies from their sense of self, challenging basic notions of what it means to be human. As an international coalition of interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, we examine these challenges and make recommendations to mitigate negative consequences that could arise from the unregulated development or application of novel neurotechnologies. We explore potential ethical challenges in four key areas: identity and agency, privacy, bias, and enhancement. To address them, we propose (1) democratic and inclusive summits to establish globally-coordinated ethical and societal guidelines for neurotechnology development and application, (2) new measures, including "Neurorights," for data privacy, security, and consent to empower neurotechnology users' control over their data, (3) new methods of identifying and preventing bias, and (4) the adoption of public guidelines for safe and equitable distribution of neurotechnological devices.</p>1 aGoering, Sara1 aKlein, Eran1 aSullivan, Laura, Specker1 aWexler, Anna1 aAgüera Y Arcas, Blaise1 aBi, Guoqiang1 aCarmena, Jose, M1 aFins, Joseph, J1 aFriesen, Phoebe1 aGallant, Jack1 aHuggins, Jane, E1 aKellmeyer, Philipp1 aMarblestone, Adam1 aMitchell, Christine1 aParens, Erik1 aPham, Michelle1 aRubel, Alan1 aSadato, Norihiro1 aTeicher, Mina1 aWasserman, David1 aWhittaker, Meredith1 aWolpaw, Jonathan1 aYuste, Rafael  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2021/recommendations-responsible-development-and-application02632nas a2200217   4500008004100000245012200041210006900163260001200232520184800244653004002092653003502132653004402167653001702211100002102228700002102249700001702270700002102287700002102308700002102329856006402350       2019                        eng d00aAn exploration of BCI performance variations in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using longitudinal EEG data0 aexploration of BCI performance variations in people with amyotro  c05/20193 aObjective. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology enables people to use direct measures of brain activity for communication and control. The National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies (NCAN) and Helen Hayes Hospital are studying long-term independent home use of P300-based BCIs by people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This BCI use takes place without technical oversight, and users can encounter substantial variation in their day-to-day BCI performance. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate features in the electroencephalogram (EEG) that correlate with successful BCI performance during home use with the goal of improving BCI for people with neuromuscular disorders. Approach. Nine people with ALS used a P300-based BCI at home over several months for communication and computer control. Sessions from a routine calibration task were categorized as successful (≥70%) or unsuccessful (<70%) BCI performance. The correlation of temporal and spectral EEG features with BCI performance was then evaluated. Main Results. BCI performance was positively correlated with an increase in alpha-band (8-14 Hz) activity at locations PO8, P3, Pz, and P4; and beta-band (15-30 Hz) activity at occipital locations. In addition, performance was significantly positively correlated with a positive deflection in EEG amplitude around 220 ms at frontal mid-line locations (i.e., Fz and Cz). BCI performance was negatively correlated with delta-band (1-3 Hz) activity recorded from occipital locations. Significance. These results highlight the variability found in the EEG and describe EEG features that correlate with successful BCI performance during day-to-day use of a P300-based BCI by people with ALS. These results should inform studies focused on improved BCI reliability for people with neuromuscular disorders.10aamyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)10aBrain-computer interface (BCI)10aLongitudinal Electroencephalogram (EEG)10aP300 speller1 aShahriari, Yalda1 aVaughan, Theresa1 aMcCane, Lynn1 aAllison, Brendan1 aWolpaw, Jonathan1 aKrusienski, Dean  uhttps://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-2552/ab22ea