01152nas a2200145   4500008004100000022001400041245003100055210002900086300001200115490000800127520078900135653001300924100002100937856004800958       2013                        eng d  a0072-975200aBrain-computer interfaces.0 aBraincomputer interfaces  a67–740 v1103 aBrain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that give their users communication and control capabilities that do not depend on muscles. The user&#39;s intentions are determined from activity recorded by electrodes on the scalp, on the cortical surface, or within the brain. BCIs can enable people who are paralyzed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brainstem stroke, or other disorders to convey their needs and wishes to others, to operate word-processing programs or other software, or possibly to control a wheelchair or a neuroprosthesis. BCI technology might also augment rehabilitation protocols aimed at restoring useful motor function. With continued development and clinical implementation, BCIs could substantially improve the lives of those with severe disabilities.10aSoftware1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2331263103311nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245009200055210006900147260001200216300001400228490000800242520262900250653002202879653001402901653002702915653002102942653001302963653001602976100002102992700002103013856004703034       1994                        eng d  a0021-996700aTriceps surae motoneuron morphology in the rat: a quantitative light microscopic study.0 aTriceps surae motoneuron morphology in the rat a quantitative li  c05/1994  a143–1570 v3433 aThe rat is now the model of choice for many studies of motor function. However, little quantitative information on the structure of rat motoneurons is available. In conjunction with efforts to define the physiologic and anatomic substrates of operantly conditioned plasticity in the spinal cord, 13 physiologically identified triceps surae motoneurons in the rat lumbar spinal cord were labeled intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase and completely reconstructed and measured with a computer-based neuron-tracing system. Somata were all located in the ventral horn of lumbar segments 4-5, had an average diameter of 35 microns, and had 6-12 dendrites. Dendrites ramified throughout the ventral horn and also penetrated the white matter. Their spread was greater in the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral directions (1.53 +/- 0.24 mm and 1.35 +/- 0.23 mm, respectively) than in the mediolateral direction (0.85 +/- 0.14 mm). Regardless of soma location, dendritic fields usually extended throughout the ipsilateral coronal cross-section of the ventral horn. As a result, the ventral or lateral extent of the field was correlated strongly with the soma's distance from the ventral or lateral border, respectively, of the ventral horn. Furthermore, although soma locations in the coronal plane varied widely, the centers of the dendritic fields tended to cluster near the center of the ventral horn. Dendrites constituted 96.2-98.4% (mean +/- SD = 97.3 +/- 0.7%) of the total neuronal surface area. Each of the 104 dendrites studied had an average of 13 branch points and 27 segments. First-order segment diameters ranged from 1.4 to 11.7 microns (mean +/- SD = 5.3 +/- 2.1 microns). Total dendritic length, surface area, volume, number of dendritic segments, and maximum segment order were correlated strongly with diameter of the first-order segment. Proceeding distally between branch points, the mean decrease in dendritic diameter (i.e., tapering) +/- the standard deviation was 22 +/- 8% of the proximal diameter. The average ratio +/- the standard deviation of the sum of the average diameters of each daughter segment raised to the 1.5 power to the average diameter of the parent segment raised to the 1.5 power (i.e., Rall's ratio; Rall, 1959) was 0.87 +/- 0.08. In comparison with cat alpha-motoneurons, rat motoneurons had smaller soma diameters, fewer dendrites, smaller total surface areas, and shorter total dendritic lengths. However, the number of terminations per dendrite was similar in the two species, so that rat motoneurons had more terminations per unit dendritic length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)10acomputer assisted10adendrites10ahorseradish peroxidase10aimage processing10aSoftware10aSpinal Cord1 aChen, Xiang Yang1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8027432