02303nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245006300055210006100118260001600179520159700195100002501792700002301817700002401840700001901864700001901883700002401902700001701926700001401943700002201957856010601979       2025                        eng d  a2692-820500aCircuit dynamics of approach-avoidance conflict in humans.0 aCircuit dynamics of approachavoidance conflict in humans  c2025 Jan 013 a<p>Debilitating anxiety is pervasive in the modern world. Choices to approach or avoid are common in everyday life and excessive avoidance is a cardinal feature of all anxiety disorders. Here, we used intracranial EEG to define a distributed prefrontal-limbic circuit dynamics supporting approach and avoidance. Presurgical epilepsy patients (n=20) performed an approach-avoidance conflict decision-making task inspired by the arcade game Pac-Man, where participants trade-off real-time harvesting rewards with potential losses from attack. As patients approached increasing rewards and threats, we found evidence of a limbic circuit mediated by increased theta power in the hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which then drops rapidly during avoidance. Theta band connectivity between these regions increases during approach and falls during avoidance, with OFC serving as a connector in this circuit with high theta coherence across limbic regions, but also with regions outside of the limbic system, including the lateral prefrontal cortex. Importantly, the degree of OFC-driven connectivity predicts how long participants approach, with enhanced network synchronicity extending approach times. Finally, under ghost attack, the system dynamically switches to a sustained increase in high-frequency activity (70-150Hz) in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), marking the retreat from the ghost. The results provide evidence for a distributed prefrontal-limbic circuit, mediated by theta oscillations, underlying approach-avoidance conflict.</p>1 aStaveland, Brooke, R1 aOberschulte, Julia1 aKim-McManus, Olivia1 aWillie, Jon, T1 aBrunner, Peter1 aDastjerdi, Mohammad1 aLin, Jack, J1 aHsu, Ming1 aKnight, Robert, T  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2025/circuit-dynamics-approach-avoidance-conflict-humans03227nas a2200481   4500008004100000022001400041245006900055210006400124260001600188520179800204100002402002700002202026700002002048700002402068700001302092700001902105700002002124700002102144700002302165700001702188700001702205700002502222700002002247700001802267700001702285700002502302700002002327700002202347700002402369700002302393700001702416700001802433700002302451700002102474700002202495700001902517700002102536700002202557700002202579700001402601700002602615856010402641       2024                        eng d  a2692-820500aThe development of aperiodic neural activity in the human brain.0 adevelopment of aperiodic neural activity in the human brain  c2024 Nov 093 a<p>The neurophysiological mechanisms supporting brain maturation are fundamental to attention and memory capacity across the lifespan. Human brain regions develop at different rates, with many regions developing into the third and fourth decades of life. Here, in this preregistered study (https://osf.io/gsru7), we analyzed intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings from widespread brain regions in a large developmental cohort. Using task-based (i.e., attention to-be-remembered visual stimuli) and task-free (resting-state) data from 101 children and adults (5.93 - 54.00 years, 63 males;  electrodes = 5691), we mapped aperiodic (1/ƒ-like) activity, a proxy of excitation:inhibition (E:I) balance with steeper slopes indexing inhibition and flatter slopes indexing excitation. We reveal that aperiodic slopes flatten with age into young adulthood in both association and sensorimotor cortices, challenging models of early sensorimotor development based on brain structure. In prefrontal cortex (PFC), attentional state modulated age effects, revealing steeper task-based than task-free slopes in adults and the opposite in children, consistent with the development of cognitive control. Age-related differences in task-based slopes also explained age-related gains in memory performance, linking the development of PFC cognitive control to the development of memory. Last, with additional structural imaging measures, we reveal that age-related differences in gray matter volume are differentially associated with aperiodic slopes in association and sensorimotor cortices. Our findings establish developmental trajectories of aperiodic activity in localized brain regions and illuminate the development of PFC inhibitory control during adolescence in the development of attention and memory.</p>1 aCross, Zachariah, R1 aGray, Samantha, M1 aDede, Adam, J O1 aRivera, Yessenia, M1 aYin, Qin1 aVahidi, Parisa1 aRau, Elias, M B1 aCyr, Christopher1 aHolubecki, Ania, M1 aAsano, Eishi1 aLin, Jack, J1 aMcManus, Olivia, Kim1 aSattar, Shifteh1 aSaez, Ignacio1 aGirgis, Fady1 aKing-Stephens, David1 aWeber, Peter, B1 aLaxer, Kenneth, D1 aSchuele, Stephan, U1 aRosenow, Joshua, M1 aWu, Joyce, Y1 aLam, Sandi, K1 aRaskin, Jeffrey, S1 aChang, Edward, F1 aShaikhouni, Ammar1 aBrunner, Peter1 aRoland, Jarod, L1 aBraga, Rodrigo, M1 aKnight, Robert, T1 aOfen, Noa1 aJohnson, Elizabeth, L  uhttps://www.neurotechcenter.org/publications/2024/development-aperiodic-neural-activity-human-brain02860nas a2200361   4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172300001900241490000700260520181600267653000902083653002502092653000802117653002802125653002002153653000702173653000802180653002802188653000802216653002502224653002802249653000802277100001802285700001402303700001702317700001802334700001902352700001902371700002302390700001402413856007102427       2018                        eng d  a0960-982200aEncoding of Multiple Reward-Related Computations in Transient and Sustained High-Frequency Activity in Human OFC0 aEncoding of Multiple RewardRelated Computations in Transient and  a2889 - 2899.e30 v283 aSummary Human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been implicated in value-based decision making. In recent years, convergent evidence from human and model organisms has further elucidated its role in representing reward-related computations underlying decision making. However, a detailed description of these processes remains elusive due in part to (1) limitations in our ability to observe human OFC neural dynamics at the timescale of decision processes and (2) methodological and interspecies differences that make it challenging to connect human and animal findings or to resolve discrepancies when they arise. Here, we sought to address these challenges by conducting multi-electrode electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings in neurosurgical patients during economic decision making to elucidate the electrophysiological signature, sub-second temporal profile, and anatomical distribution of reward-related computations within human OFC. We found that high-frequency activity (HFA) (70–200 Hz) reflected multiple valuation components grouped in two classes of valuation signals that were dissociable in temporal profile and information content: (1) fast, transient responses reflecting signals associated with choice and outcome processing, including anticipated risk and outcome regret, and (2) sustained responses explicitly encoding what happened in the immediately preceding trial. Anatomically, these responses were widely distributed in partially overlapping networks, including regions in the central OFC (Brodmann areas 11 and 13), which have been consistently implicated in reward processing in animal single-unit studies. Together, these results integrate insights drawn from human and animal studies and provide evidence for a role of human OFC in representing multiple reward computations.10aECoC10aElectrocorticography10aERP10aevent-related potential10afield potential10aFP10aHFA10ahigh-frequency activity10aOFC10aorbitofrontal cortex10areward-prediction error10aRPE1 aSaez, Ignacio1 aLin, Jack1 aStolk, Arjen1 aChang, Edward1 aParvizi, Josef1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aKnight, Robert, T.1 aHsu, Ming  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221830975802510nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245011800055210006900173260000800242520159500250100002501845700002401870700001701894700002501911700002301936700002101959700002501980700002402005700001902029700001902048700001802067700001902085700002202104700002302126700002302149856004802172       2017                        eng d  a1091-649000aSpatiotemporal dynamics of word retrieval in speech production revealed by cortical high-frequency band activity.0 aSpatiotemporal dynamics of word retrieval in speech production r  cMay3 aWord retrieval is core to language production and relies on complementary processes: the rapid activation of lexical and conceptual representations and word selection, which chooses the correct word among semantically related competitors. Lexical and conceptual activation is measured by semantic priming. In contrast, word selection is indexed by semantic interference and is hampered in semantically homogeneous (HOM) contexts. We examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of these complementary processes in a picture naming task with blocks of semantically heterogeneous (HET) or HOM stimuli. We used electrocorticography data obtained from frontal and temporal cortices, permitting detailed spatiotemporal analysis of word retrieval processes. A semantic interference effect was observed with naming latencies longer in HOM versus HET blocks. Cortical response strength as indexed by high-frequency band (HFB) activity (70-150 Hz) amplitude revealed effects linked to lexical-semantic activation and word selection observed in widespread regions of the cortical mantle. Depending on the subsecond timing and cortical region, HFB indexed semantic interference (i.e., more activity in HOM than HET blocks) or semantic priming effects (i.e., more activity in HET than HOM blocks). These effects overlapped in time and space in the left posterior inferior temporal gyrus and the left prefrontal cortex. The data do not support a modular view of word retrieval in speech production but rather support substantial overlap of lexical-semantic activation and word selection mechanisms in the brain.1 aRiès, Stephanie, K.1 aDhillon, Rummit, K.1 aClarke, Alex1 aKing-Stephens, David1 aLaxer, Kenneth, D.1 aWeber, Peter, B.1 aKuperman, Rachel, A.1 aAuguste, Kurtis, I.1 aBrunner, Peter1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aLin, Jack, J.1 aParvizi, Josef1 aCrone, Nathan, E.1 aDronkers, Nina, F.1 aKnight, Robert, T.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2853340602154nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138260000800207300001000215490000600225520150300231100002301734700001901757700002101776700002701797700001901824700002301843700002201866856004801888       2016                        eng d  a2045-232200aWord pair classification during imagined speech using direct brain recordings.0 aWord pair classification during imagined speech using direct bra  cMay  a258030 v63 aPeople that cannot communicate due to neurological disorders would benefit from an internal speech decoder. Here, we showed the ability to classify individual words during imagined speech from electrocorticographic signals. In a word imagery task, we used high gamma (70-150þinspaceHz) time features with a support vector machine model to classify individual words from a pair of words. To account for temporal irregularities during speech production, we introduced a non-linear time alignment into the SVM kernel. Classification accuracy reached 88% in a two-class classification framework (50% chance level), and average classification accuracy across fifteen word-pairs was significant across five subjects (meanþinspace=þinspace58%; pþinspace<þinspace0.05). We also compared classification accuracy between imagined speech, overt speech and listening. As predicted, higher classification accuracy was obtained in the listening and overt speech conditions (meanþinspace=þinspace89% and 86%, respectively; pþinspace<þinspace0.0001), where speech stimuli were directly presented. The results provide evidence for a neural representation for imagined words in the temporal lobe, frontal lobe and sensorimotor cortex, consistent with previous findings in speech perception and production. These data represent a proof of concept study for basic decoding of speech imagery, and delineate a number of key challenges to usage of speech imagery neural representations for clinical applications.1 aMartin, Stéphanie1 aBrunner, Peter1 aIturrate, Iñaki1 aMillán, José, Del R.1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aKnight, Robert, T.1 aPasley, Brian, N.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2716545202900nas a2200277   4500008004100000245008800041210006900129260001200198490000600210520205900216653001802275653001902293653002502312653002402337653002202361100002302383700001902406700002002425700002402445700002202469700001902491700001902510700002302529700002202552856004802574       2014                        eng d00aDecoding spectrotemporal features of overt and covert speech from the human cortex.0 aDecoding spectrotemporal features of overt and covert speech fro  c03/20140 v73 aAuditory perception and auditory imagery have been shown to activate overlapping brain regions. We hypothesized that these phenomena also share a common underlying neural representation. To assess this, we used electrocorticography intracranial recordings from epileptic patients performing an out loud or a silent reading task. In these tasks, short stories scrolled across a video screen in two conditions: subjects read the same stories both aloud (overt) and silently (covert). In a control condition the subject remained in a resting state. We first built a high gamma (70–150 Hz) neural decoding model to reconstruct spectrotemporal auditory features of self-generated overt speech. We then evaluated whether this same model could reconstruct auditory speech features in the covert speech condition. Two speech models were tested: a spectrogram and a modulation-based feature space. For the overt condition, reconstruction accuracy was evaluated as the correlation between original and predicted speech features, and was significant in each subject (p < 0.00001; paired two-sample t-test). For the covert speech condition, dynamic time warping was first used to realign the covert speech reconstruction with the corresponding original speech from the overt condition. Reconstruction accuracy was then evaluated as the correlation between original and reconstructed speech features. Covert reconstruction accuracy was compared to the accuracy obtained from reconstructions in the baseline control condition. Reconstruction accuracy for the covert condition was significantly better than for the control condition (p < 0.005; paired two-sample t-test). The superior temporal gyrus, pre- and post-central gyrus provided the highest reconstruction information. The relationship between overt and covert speech reconstruction depended on anatomy. These results provide evidence that auditory representations of covert speech can be reconstructed from models that are built from an overt speech data set, supporting a partially shared neural substrate.10acovert speech10adecoding model10aElectrocorticography10apattern recognition10aspeech production1 aMartin, Stéphanie1 aBrunner, Peter1 aHoldgraf, Chris1 aHeinze, Hans-Jochen1 aCrone, Nathan, E.1 aRieger, Jochem1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aKnight, Robert, T.1 aPasley, Brian, N.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2490440401857nas a2200421   4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260001200213300001100225490000700236520059500243653001800838653002900856653003500885653002500920653002300945653004300968653003201011653002101043653002201064653001801086100001801104700001901122700002001141700001701161700002401178700001901202700002101221700002001242700002301262700002201285700001601307700002401323700002101347700001901368856004801387       2014                        eng d  a1525-506900aProceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography.0 aProceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Advances in E  c12/2014  a183-920 v413 a<p>The Fifth International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography convened in San Diego, CA, on November 7-8, 2013. Advancements in methodology, implementation, and commercialization across both research and in the interval year since the last workshop were the focus of the gathering. Electrocorticography (ECoG) is now firmly established as a preferred signal source for advanced research in functional, cognitive, and neuroprosthetic domains. Published output in ECoG fields has increased tenfold in the past decade. These proceedings attempt to summarize the state of the art.</p>10aBrain Mapping10abrain-computer interface10aelectrical stimulation mapping10aElectrocorticography10afunctional mapping10aGamma-frequency electroencephalography10aHigh-frequency oscillations10aNeuroprosthetics10aSeizure detection10aSubdural grid1 aRitaccio, A L1 aBrunner, Peter1 aGunduz, Aysegul1 aHermes, Dora1 aHirsch, Lawrence, J1 aJacobs, Joshua1 aKamada, Kyousuke1 aKastner, Sabine1 aKnight, Robert, T.1 aLesser, Ronald, P1 aMiller, Kai1 aSejnowski, Terrence1 aWorrell, Gregory1 aSchalk, Gerwin  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2546121303446nas a2200253   4500008004100000245011700041210006900158260001200227300001100239490000700250520261100257653003402868653002402902653003202926653002802958653002202986653003403008100002103042700001903063700002003082700002303102700001903125856004803144       2014                        eng d00aSpatial and temporal relationships of electrocorticographic alpha and gamma activity during auditory processing.0 aSpatial and temporal relationships of electrocorticographic alph  c08/2014  a188-950 v973 aNeuroimaging approaches have implicated multiple brain sites in musical perception, including the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus and adjacent perisylvian areas. However, the detailed spatial and temporal relationship of neural signals that support auditory processing is largely unknown. In this study, we applied a novel inter-subject analysis approach to electrophysiological signals recorded from the surface of the brain (electrocorticography (ECoG)) in ten human subjects. This approach allowed us to reliably identify those ECoG features that were related to the processing of a complex auditory stimulus (i.e., continuous piece of music) and to investigate their spatial, temporal, and causal relationships. Our results identified stimulus-related modulations in the alpha (8-12 Hz) and high gamma (70-110 Hz) bands at neuroanatomical locations implicated in auditory processing. Specifically, we identified stimulus-related ECoG modulations in the alpha band in areas adjacent to primary auditory cortex, which are known to receive afferent auditory projections from the thalamus (80 of a total of 15,107 tested sites). In contrast, we identified stimulus-related ECoG modulations in the high gamma band not only in areas close to primary auditory cortex but also in other perisylvian areas known to be involved in higher-order auditory processing, and in superior premotor cortex (412/15,107 sites). Across all implicated areas, modulations in the high gamma band preceded those in the alpha band by 280 ms, and activity in the high gamma band causally predicted alpha activity, but not vice versa (Granger causality, p<1e(-8)). Additionally, detailed analyses using Granger causality identified causal relationships of high gamma activity between distinct locations in early auditory pathways within superior temporal gyrus (STG) and posterior STG, between posterior STG and inferior frontal cortex, and between STG and premotor cortex. Evidence suggests that these relationships reflect direct cortico-cortical connections rather than common driving input from subcortical structures such as the thalamus. In summary, our inter-subject analyses defined the spatial and temporal relationships between music-related brain activity in the alpha and high gamma bands. They provide experimental evidence supporting current theories about the putative mechanisms of alpha and gamma activity, i.e., reflections of thalamo-cortical interactions and local cortical neural activity, respectively, and the results are also in agreement with existing functional models of auditory processing.10aalpha and high gamma activity10aauditory processing10aelectrocorticography (ECoG)10afunctional connectivity10agranger causality10athalamo-cortical interactions1 aPotes, Cristhian1 aBrunner, Peter1 aGunduz, Aysegul1 aKnight, Robert, T.1 aSchalk, Gerwin  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2476893301889nas a2200469   4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260001200213300001100225490000700236520052900243653001800772653002900790653002500819653004300844653003100887653002100918653002200939653001800961100001800979700002300997700002001020700001901040700001801059700002201077700002001099700001701119700002301136700002001159700001601179700001801195700002101213700001901234700001701253700001901270700002201289700002001311700002101331700001901352856004801371       2012                        eng d  a1525-506900aProceedings of the Third International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography.0 aProceedings of the Third International Workshop on Advances in E  c12/2012  a605-130 v253 aThe Third International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography (ECoG) was convened in Washington, DC, on November 10-11, 2011. As in prior meetings, a true multidisciplinary fusion of clinicians, scientists, and engineers from many disciplines gathered to summarize contemporary experiences in brain surface recordings. The proceedings of this meeting serve as evidence of a very robust and transformative field but will yet again require revision to incorporate the advances that the following year will surely bring.10aBrain Mapping10abrain-computer interface10aElectrocorticography10aGamma-frequency electroencephalography10ahigh-frequency oscillation10aNeuroprosthetics10aSeizure detection10aSubdural grid1 aRitaccio, A L1 aBeauchamp, Michael1 aBosman, Conrado1 aBrunner, Peter1 aChang, Edward1 aCrone, Nathan, E.1 aGunduz, Aysegul1 aGupta, Disha1 aKnight, Robert, T.1 aLeuthardt, Eric1 aLitt, Brian1 aMoran, Daniel1 aOjemann, Jeffrey1 aParvizi, Josef1 aRamsey, Nick1 aRieger, Jochem1 aViventi, Jonathan1 aVoytek, Bradley1 aWilliams, Justin1 aSchalk, Gerwin  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23160096