00601nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245007100055210006800126260001200194300001100206490000800217653001400225653001000239653002100249653001100270653002800281100001900309700001900328856004800347 2011 eng d a1872-895200aToward a gaze-independent matrix speller brain-computer interface.0 aToward a gazeindependent matrix speller braincomputer interface c06/2011 a1063-40 v12210aAttention10aBrain10aFixation, Ocular10aHumans10aUser-Computer Interface1 aBrunner, Peter1 aSchalk, Gerwin uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118340404357nas a2200385 4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260001200221300001200233490000800245520323100253653001503484653001003499653001403509653001003523653001803533653004203551653002703593653003003620653001103650653001103661653000903672653003203681653002303713653002203736653002803758100002503786700002603811700001903837700002003856700002603876700002103902856004803923 2008 eng d a1388-245700aTowards an independent brain-computer interface using steady state visual evoked potentials.0 aTowards an independent braincomputer interface using steady stat c02/2008 a399-4080 v1193 a

OBJECTIVE: 

Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems using steady state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) have allowed healthy subjects to communicate. However, these systems may not work in severely disabled users because they may depend on gaze shifting. This study evaluates the hypothesis that overlapping stimuli can evoke changes in SSVEP activity sufficient to control a BCI. This would provide evidence that SSVEP BCIs could be used without shifting gaze.

METHODS: 

Subjects viewed a display containing two images that each oscillated at a different frequency. Different conditions used overlapping or non-overlapping images to explore dependence on gaze function. Subjects were asked to direct attention to one or the other of these images during each of 12 one-minute runs.

RESULTS: 

Half of the subjects produced differences in SSVEP activity elicited by overlapping stimuli that could support BCI control. In all remaining users, differences did exist at corresponding frequencies but were not strong enough to allow effective control.

CONCLUSIONS: 

The data demonstrate that SSVEP differences sufficient for BCI control may be elicited by selective attention to one of two overlapping stimuli. Thus, some SSVEP-based BCI approaches may not depend on gaze control. The nature and extent of any BCI's dependence on muscle activity is a function of many factors, including the display, task, environment, and user.

SIGNIFICANCE: 

SSVEP BCIs might function in severely disabled users unable to reliably control gaze. Further research with these users is necessary to explore the optimal parameters of such a system and validate online performance in a home environment.

10aAdolescent10aAdult10aAttention10aBrain10aBrain Mapping10aDose-Response Relationship, Radiation10aElectroencephalography10aEvoked Potentials, Visual10aFemale10aHumans10aMale10aPattern Recognition, Visual10aPhotic Stimulation10aSpectrum Analysis10aUser-Computer Interface1 aAllison, Brendan, Z.1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aZheng, Shi Dong1 aMoore-Jackson, Melody1 aWolpaw, Jonathan uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18077208