04192nas a2200409 4500008004100000022001400041245005900055210005700114260001200171300001100183490000700194520303500201653001403236653001403250653001503264653002703279653001303306653001103319653004003330653003103370653002903401653001103430653002203441653002803463653002203491653001703513653002803530100002803558700001703586700002303603700002503626700001903651700002003670700002403690700002003714856004803734 2010 eng d a1531-824900aBrain-computer interfacing based on cognitive control.0 aBraincomputer interfacing based on cognitive control c06/2010 a809-160 v673 a

OBJECTIVE: 

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) translate deliberate intentions and associated changes in brain activity into action, thereby offering patients with severe paralysis an alternative means of communication with and control over their environment. Such systems are not available yet, partly due to the high performance standard that is required. A major challenge in the development of implantable BCIs is to identify cortical regions and related functions that an individual can reliably and consciously manipulate. Research predominantly focuses on the sensorimotor cortex, which can be activated by imagining motor actions. However, because this region may not provide an optimal solution to all patients, other neuronal networks need to be examined. Therefore, we investigated whether the cognitive control network can be used for BCI purposes. We also determined the feasibility of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for noninvasive localization of the cognitive control network.

METHODS: 

Three patients with intractable epilepsy, who were temporarily implanted with subdural grid electrodes for diagnostic purposes, attempted to gain BCI control using the electrocorticographic (ECoG) signal of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).

RESULTS: 

All subjects quickly gained accurate BCI control by modulation of gamma-power of the left DLPFC. Prelocalization of the relevant region was performed with fMRI and was confirmed using the ECoG signals obtained during mental calculation localizer tasks.

INTERPRETATION: 

The results indicate that the cognitive control network is a suitable source of signals for BCI applications. They also demonstrate the feasibility of translating understanding about cognitive networks derived from functional neuroimaging into clinical applications.

10aCognition10aComputers10aElectrodes10aElectroencephalography10aEpilepsy10aHumans10aImage Processing, Computer-Assisted10aMagnetic Resonance Imaging10aNeuropsychological Tests10aOxygen10aPrefrontal Cortex10aPsychomotor Performance10aSpectrum Analysis10aTime Factors10aUser-Computer Interface1 aVansteensel, Mariska, J1 aHermes, Dora1 aAarnoutse, Erik, J1 aBleichner, Martin, G1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aRijen, Peter, C1 aLeijten, Frans, S S1 aRamsey, Nick, F uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2051794302262nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245003000055210002800085260001200113300001100125490000600136520179600142653001001938653001401948653001101962653002801973100001902001856004802020 2008 eng d a1741-256000aBrain-computer symbiosis.0 aBraincomputer symbiosis c03/2008 aP1-P150 v53 a

The theoretical groundwork of the 1930s and 1940s and the technical advance of computers in the following decades provided the basis for dramatic increases in human efficiency. While computers continue to evolve, and we can still expect increasing benefits from their use, the interface between humans and computers has begun to present a serious impediment to full realization of the potential payoff. This paper is about the theoretical and practical possibility that direct communication between the brain and the computer can be used to overcome this impediment by improving or augmenting conventional forms of human communication. It is about the opportunity that the limitations of our body's input and output capacities can be overcome using direct interaction with the brain, and it discusses the assumptions, possible limitations and implications of a technology that I anticipate will be a major source of pervasive changes in the coming decades.

10aBrain10aComputers10aHumans10aUser-Computer Interface1 aSchalk, Gerwin uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1831080401675nas a2200397 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006600125260001200191300001100203490000700214520056900221653001500790653001800805653001000823653003600833653001400869653002700883653002100910653001100931653002100942653002400963653002700987653001301014653002801027100001601055700001501071700001601086700001301102700002301115700002201138700002301160700002701183700001901210856004801229 2006 eng d a1534-432000aBCI meeting 2005 - Workshop on Technology: Hardware and Software.0 aBCI meeting 2005 Workshop on Technology Hardware and Software c06/2006 a128-310 v143 a

This paper describes the outcome of discussions held during the Third International BCI Meeting at a workshop to review and evaluate the current state of BCI-related hardware and software. Technical requirements and current technologies, standardization procedures and future trends are covered. The main conclusion was recognition of the need to focus technical requirements on the users' needs and the need for consistent standards in BCI research.

10aAlgorithms10aBiotechnology10aBrain10aCommunication Aids for Disabled10aComputers10aElectroencephalography10aEquipment Design10aHumans10aInternationality10aMan-Machine Systems10aNeuromuscular Diseases10aSoftware10aUser-Computer Interface1 aCincotti, F1 aBianchi, L1 aBirch, Gary1 aGuger, C1 aMellinger, Jürgen1 aScherer, Reinhold1 aSchmidt, Robert, N1 aYáñez Suárez, Oscar1 aSchalk, Gerwin uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16792276