01515nas a2200181   4500008004100000022001400041245007300055210006900128260001200197300001100209490000600220520095800226653002801184100002601212700002601238700002101264856004801285       2010                        eng d  a1741-255200aElectroencephalographic (EEG) control of three-dimensional movement.0 aElectroencephalographic EEG control of threedimensional movement  c06/2010  a0360070 v73 aBrain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can use brain signals from the scalp (EEG), the cortical surface (ECoG), or within the cortex to restore movement control to people who are paralyzed. Like muscle-based skills, BCIs' use requires activity-dependent adaptations in the brain that maintain stable relationships between the person's intent and the signals that convey it. This study shows that humans can learn over a series of training sessions to use EEG for three-dimensional control. The responsible EEG features are focused topographically on the scalp and spectrally in specific frequency bands. People acquire simultaneous control of three independent signals (one for each dimension) and reach targets in a virtual three-dimensional space. Such BCI control in humans has not been reported previously. The results suggest that with further development noninvasive EEG-based BCIs might control the complex movements of robotic arms or neuroprostheses.10aUser-Computer Interface1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aSarnacki, William, A.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2046069001945nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001200209300001400221490000600235520133600241653002801577100002601605700002501631700002601656700002101682856004801703       2008                        eng d  a1741-256000aEmulation of computer mouse control with a noninvasive brain-computer interface.0 aEmulation of computer mouse control with a noninvasive braincomp  c06/2008  a101–1100 v53 aBrain-computer interface (BCI) technology can provide nonmuscular communication and control to people who are severely paralyzed. BCIs can use noninvasive or invasive techniques for recording the brain signals that convey the user's commands. Although noninvasive BCIs are used for simple applications, it has frequently been assumed that only invasive BCIs, which use electrodes implanted in the brain, will be able to provide multidimensional sequential control of a robotic arm or a neuroprosthesis. The present study shows that a noninvasive BCI using scalp-recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and an adaptive algorithm can provide people, including people with spinal cord injuries, with two-dimensional cursor movement and target selection. Multiple targets were presented around the periphery of a computer screen, with one designated as the correct target. The user's task was to use EEG to move a cursor from the center of the screen to the correct target and then to use an additional EEG feature to select the target. If the cursor reached an incorrect target, the user was instructed not to select it. Thus, this task emulated the key features of mouse operation. The results indicate that people with severe motor disabilities could use brain signals for sequential multidimensional movement and selection.10aUser-Computer Interface1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aKrusienski, Dean, J.1 aSarnacki, William, A.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18367779