02896nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245010900055210006900164260001200233300001400245490000700259520207700266653005002343653003302393653001702426653002402443653004102467653002502508653002302533100002402556700002602580856004802606       2013                        eng d  a2157-310700aFactors Influencing Tests of Auditory Processing: A Perspective on Current Issues and Relevant Concerns.0 aFactors Influencing Tests of Auditory Processing A Perspective o  c07/2013  a572–5890 v243 aBackground: Tests of auditory perception, such as those used in the assessment of central auditory processing disorders ([C]APDs), represent a domain in audiological assessment where measurement of this theoretical construct is often confounded by nonauditory abilities due to methodological shortcomings. These confounds include the effects of cognitive variables such as memory and attention and suboptimal testing paradigms, including the use of verbal reproduction as a form of response selection. We argue that these factors need to be controlled more carefully and/or modified so that their impact on tests of auditory and visual perception is only minimal. Purpose: To advocate for a stronger theoretical framework than currently exists and to suggest better methodological strategies to improve assessment of auditory processing disorders (APDs). Emphasis is placed on adaptive forced-choice psychophysical methods and the use of matched tasks in multiple sensory modalities to achieve these goals. Together, this approach has potential to improve the construct validity of the diagnosis, enhance and develop theory, and evolve into a preferred method of testing. Research Design: Examination of methods commonly used in studies of APDs. Where possible, currently used methodology is compared to contemporary psychophysical methods that emphasize computer-controlled forced-choice paradigms. Results: In many cases, the procedures used in studies of APD introduce confounding factors that could be minimized if computer-controlled forced-choice psychophysical methods were utilized. Conclusions: Ambiguities of interpretation, indeterminate diagnoses, and unwanted confounds can be avoided by minimizing memory and attentional demands on the input end and precluding the use of response-selection strategies that use complex motor processes on the output end. Advocated are the use of computer-controlled forced-choice psychophysical paradigms in combination with matched tasks in multiple sensory modalities to enhance the prospect of obtaining a valid diagnosis.10aadaptive forced-choice psychophysical methods10aauditory processing disorder10adissociation10adouble dissociation10aforced-choice psychophysical methods10amodality specificity10aresponse selection1 aCacace, Anthony, T.1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2404794502018nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001200251520141700263100002301680700002601703700002801729700001901757700002401776856004801800       2013                        eng d  a1558-913700aReliability of broadband middle-ear power-reflectance in younger and older adults: Application of Generalizability Theory.0 aReliability of broadband middleear powerreflectance in younger a  c07/20133 aPURPOSE:
To assess the reliability of broadband middle-ear power reflectance (BMEPR) and transmittance profiles for chirp and tonal stimuli using generalizability theory (GT).
METHOD:
In adults without a history of middle-ear disease, the authors assessed the reliability of BMEPR to chirp and tonal stimuli using a multivariate approach based on an analysis of variance model (GT). For comparisons with other published studies, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) also were used.
RESULTS:
Based on GT with chirp stimuli, overall BMEPR measures had good reliability; however, the reliability of individual profiles across frequencies and ears was less than optimal. Lower generalizability coefficients were found when transmittance was evaluated. Test-retest reliability using Pearson's r was better for right versus left ears, and mid-frequencies were generally more reliable than those at either extreme of the frequency range. In contrast, tonal stimuli had higher generalizability coefficients and Pearson's r values than chirps for all frequencies tested; Pearson's r values were also higher for right versus left ears.
CONCLUSION:
The authors extended the use of GT as a preferred way to evaluate reliability of BMEPR and transmittance profiles for chirps and tones because it allows for a more comprehensive evaluation compared with unidimensional pairwise correlations.1 aMahoney, Marty, J.1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aCarpenter, Michelle, S.1 aRizvi, Sabahet1 aCacace, Anthony, T.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2382443700535nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245006500055210006300120260001200183300005400195490000800249653002200257100002600279700002400305856004800329       2011                        eng d  a1872-895200aCovariance is the proper measure of test-retest reliability.0 aCovariance is the proper measure of testretest reliability  c09/2011  a1893; author reply 1893–1893; author reply 18950 v12210aSpeech Perception1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aCacace, Anthony, T.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2141484002437nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245006700055210006500122260001200187300001400199490000700213520176200220653000801982653000801990653002001998653001902018100002402037700002602061700001802087700001802105700002402123856004802147       2008                        eng d  a0301-051100aElectrophysiological markers of skill-related neuroplasticity.0 aElectrophysiological markers of skillrelated neuroplasticity  c07/2008  a221–2300 v783 aNeuroplasticity involved in acquiring a new cognitive skill was investigated with standard time domain event-related potentials (ERPs) of scalp-recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and frequency domain analysis of EEG oscillations looking at the event-related synchronization (ERS) and desynchronization (ERD) of neural activity. Electroencephalographic activity was recorded before and after practice, while participants performed alphabet addition (i.e., E+3=G, true or false?). Participant's performance became automated with practice through a switch in cognitive strategy from mentally counting-up in the alphabet to retrieving the answer from memory. Time domain analysis of the ERPs revealed a prominent positive peak at approximately 300 ms that was not reactive to problem attributes but was reduced with practice. A second prominent positive peak observed at approximately 500 ms was found to be larger after practice, mainly for problems presented with correct answers. Frequency domain spectral analyses yielded two distinct findings: (1) a frontal midline ERS of theta activity that was greater after practice, and (2) a beta band ERD that increased with problem difficulty before, but not after practice. Because the EEG oscillations were not phase locked to the stimulus, they were viewed as being independent of the time domain results. Consequently, use of time and frequency domain analyses provides a more comprehensive account of the underlying electrophysiological data than either method alone. When used in combination with a well-defined cognitive/behavioral paradigm, this approach serves to constrain the interpretations of EEG data and sets a new standard for studying the neuroplasticity involved in skill acquisition.10aEEG10aERP10aneuroplasticity10askill learning1 aRomero, Stephen, G.1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aFaust, Robert1 aFarrell, Lori1 aCacace, Anthony, T.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1845586102110nas a2200181   4500008004100000022001400041245009500055210006900150260001200219300001400231490000700245520151200252653004101764653002501805100002401830700002601854856004801880       2005                        eng d  a1059-088900aThe importance of modality specificity in diagnosing central auditory processing disorder.0 aimportance of modality specificity in diagnosing central auditor  c12/2005  a112–1230 v143 aPURPOSE:
This article argues for the use of modality specificity as a unifying framework by which to conceptualize and diagnose central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). The intent is to generate dialogue and critical discussion in this area of study.
METHOD:
Research in the cognitive, behavioral, and neural sciences that relates to the concept of modality specificity was reviewed and synthesized.
RESULTS:
Modality specificity has a long history as an organizing construct within a diverse collection of mainstream scientific disciplines. The principle of modality specificity was contrasted with the unimodal inclusive framework, which holds that auditory tests alone are sufficient to make the CAPD diagnosis. Evidence from a large body of data demonstrated that the unimodal framework was unable to delineate modality-specific processes from more generalized dysfunction; it lacked discriminant validity and resulted in an incomplete assessment. Consequently, any hypothetical model resulting from incomplete assessments or potential therapies that are based on indeterminate diagnoses are themselves questionable, and caution should be used in their application.
CONCLUSIONS:
Improving specificity of diagnosis is an imperative core issue to the area of CAPD. Without specificity, the concept has little explanatory power. Because of serious flaws in concept and design, the unimodal inclusive framework should be abandoned in favor of a more valid approach that uses modality specificity.10acentral auditory processing disorder10amodality specificity1 aCacace, Anthony, T.1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1648986802176nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260001200220300001400232490000800246520147500254653003601729653002901765653003401794653001001828653002201838100002601860700002401886856004801910       2004                        eng d  a0378-595500aSeparating stimulus-locked and unlocked components of the auditory event-related potential.0 aSeparating stimuluslocked and unlocked components of the auditor  c07/2004  a111–1200 v1933 aA new method is evaluated for separating stimulus-locked and unlocked components of auditory event-related EEG activity. The new method uses a regression based subtraction procedure as a way to account for latency and amplitude variability within individual trials. It was applied using the oddball paradigm under conditions of active and passive listening and analyzed as spectral correlations (normalized differences) between post-stimulus epochs of standard, target or deviant stimulus conditions and silent pre-stimulus baseline activity. The regression-subtraction procedure accounted for a greater amount of variance than a method that uses linear subtraction alone. The major component of the response to auditory stimulation was an event-related synchronization in the delta and theta (2-4 Hz) frequency range. Event-related desynchronizations were also observed in the 10 Hz (alpha/mu) and in the 20-30 Hz (beta) frequency range. The regression based subtraction procedure provides better separation of stimulus-locked and unlocked components of event-related EEG activity then linear subtraction alone. Stimulus-locked and unlocked components show different patterns and topographies of effects related to attention and active discrimination. Studying both stimulus-locked and unlocked components of event-related EEG reactivity in the frequency domain provides a more comprehensive account of dynamic brain activity subserving auditory information processing.10aevent-related desynchronization10aevent-related potentials10aevent-related synchronization10aphase10aspectral dynamics1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aCacace, Anthony, T.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521932600603nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245016200055210006900217260001200286300003100298490000700329653001100336100002600347700002400373856004800397       2003                        eng d  a1050-054500aPotential problems in the differential diagnosis of (central) auditory processing disorder (CAPD or APD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).0 aPotential problems in the differential diagnosis of central audi  c07/2003  a278–80; author reply 2800 v1410aHumans1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aCacace, Anthony, T.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295631201652nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245007200055210006900127260001200196300001400208490000800222520096900230653003301199653002801232653002401260653002601284653002601310100002401336700002601360856004801386       2003                        eng d  a0304-394000aQuantifying signal-to-noise ratio of mismatch negativity in humans.0 aQuantifying signaltonoise ratio of mismatch negativity in humans  c05/2003  a251–2550 v3413 aMismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to represent a neurophysiological index of auditory information processing that is independent of attention. Because this measure does not require an overt behavioral response, MMN has potential to evaluate higher order perceptual abilities in infants, young children and difficult-to-test populations, thereby extending results obtained from more basic physiologic and electroacoustic measures (auditory brainstem responses, ABRs; otoacoustic emissions, OAEs). Whereas the basic tenet of MMN is appealing, several issues-of-contention remain to be solved before this event related potential (ERP) can be applicable for routine clinical use. These issues include the consistent identification of MMN within individuals (vs. groups), its stability over time, and its reportedly poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Herein, we focus on the issue of SNR, by comparing and contrasting SNR of MMN with other long latency auditory ERPs.10aauditory brainstem responses10aevent related potential10amismatch negativity10aotoacoustic emissions10asignal-to-noise ratio1 aCacace, Anthony, T.1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1269729502161nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260001200222300001200234490000800246520137200254653002701626653003301653653003601686653003401722653001801756653002201774653002501796100002401821700002601845856004801871       2003                        eng d  a0378-595500aSpectral dynamics of electroencephalographic activity during auditory information processing.0 aSpectral dynamics of electroencephalographic activity during aud  c02/2003  a25–410 v1763 aDynamics of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during auditory information processing were evaluated in response to changes in stimulus complexity, stimulus discriminability and attention using the oddball paradigm. In comparison to pre-stimulus baseline conditions, auditory stimulation synchronized EEG activity in delta, theta and alpha frequency bands. Event-related synchronization (ERS) effects were greatest at approximately 3 Hz (theta frequency band), and their magnitude depended on stimulus and task demands. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) of EEG activity was observed in the beta frequency band. This effect was greatest at approximately 21 Hz but occurred only for easily discriminable stimuli in attention-related target conditions. Because active discrimination tasks also required a button-press response with the right hand, ERDs involved more complex responses that may be related to a combination of perceptual, motor and cognitive processes. These results demonstrate that oddball and attention-related EEG responses to auditory stimulation could be characterized in the frequency domain. The specific design and analysis features described herein may prove useful since they provide a simple index of the brain's response to stimulation while at the same time provide powerful information not contained in typical time domain analysis.10aElectroencephalography10aevent-related brain dynamics10aevent-related desynchronization10aevent-related synchronization10apsychophysics10aspectral analysis10atime domain analysis1 aCacace, Anthony, T.1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1258387900559nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260001200224300002900236490000700265653003100272100002600303700002400329856004800353       2002                        eng d  a1059-088900aFactor analysis in CAPD and the "unimodal" test battery: do we have a model that will satisfy?.0 aFactor analysis in CAPD and the unimodal test battery do we have  c06/2002  a7–9; author reply 9-120 v1110aReproducibility of Results1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aCacace, Anthony, T.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1222735800588nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245017200055210006900227260001200296300001200308490000700320653001100327100002100338700002400359856004700383       1994                        eng d  a0013-469400aThe influence of stimulus intensity, contralateral masking and handedness on the temporal N1 and the T complex components of the auditory N1 wave, by John F. Connolly.0 ainfluence of stimulus intensity contralateral masking and handed  c07/1994  a71–760 v9110aHumans1 aWolpaw, Jonathan1 aCacace, Anthony, T.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/751784702290nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001200209300001100221490000700232520161000239653001201849653005301861653002401914653002201938100002401960700002001984700002102004856004702025       1990                        eng d  a0013-469400aHuman middle-latency auditory evoked potentials: vertex and temporal components.0 aHuman middlelatency auditory evoked potentials vertex and tempor  c02/1990  a6–180 v773 aWe recorded middle-latency (20-70 msec) auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs) to monaural and binaural clicks in 30 normal adults (ages 20-49 years) at 32 scalp locations all referred to a balanced non-cephalic reference. Our goal was to define the MLAEP components that were present at comparable latencies and comparable locations across the subject population. Group and individual data were evaluated both as topographic maps and as MLAEPs at selected electrode locations. Three major components occurred between 20 and 70 msec, two well-known peaks centered at the vertex, and one previously undefined peak focused over the posterior temporal area. Pa is a 29 msec positive peak centered at the vertex and present with both monaural and binaural stimulation. Pb is a 53 msec positive peak also centered at the vertex but seen consistently only with binaural and right ear stimulation. TP41 is a 41 msec positive peak focused over both temporal areas. TP41 has not been identified in previous MLAEP studies that concentrated on central scalp locations and/or used active reference electrode sites such as ears or mastoids. Available topographic, intracranial, pharmacologic, and lesion studies indicate that Pa, Pb and TP41 are of neural origin. Whether Pa and/or Pb are produced in Heschl's gyrus, primary auditory cortex, remains unclear. TP41 is probably produced by auditory cortex on the posterior lateral surface of the temporal lobe. It should prove of considerable value in experimental and clinical evaluation of higher level auditory function in particular and of cortical function in general.10a(human)10amiddle-latency auditory evoked potential (MLAEP)10atemporal components10avertex components1 aCacace, Anthony, T.1 aSatya-Murti, S.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/168878601766nas a2200181   4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006800125260001200193300001400205490000700219520123300226653001801459100002401477700001501501700002101516856004701537       1988                        eng d  a0378-595500aT complex hemispheric asymmetries: effects of stimulus intensity.0 aT complex hemispheric asymmetries effects of stimulus intensity  c08/1988  a225–2320 v343 aThe T complex component of the human auditory evoked potential (AEP) is thought to be produced in auditory cortex, on the posterior lateral surface of the temporal lobe. Recorded over temporal scalp, it consists of an 80-90 ms positive peak, Ta, and a 120-140 negative peak, Tb. As part of an effort to develop the clinical usefulness of the T complex in assessing auditory cortical function, we studied the effects of change in monaural stimulus intensity (20-80 dB SL) on T complex latency, amplitude, and hemispheric differences in normal adults. Ta and Tb peak latencies decreased as stimulus intensity increased. These latency changes were not dependent on ear or hemisphere. Right hemisphere Ta latency was shorter with contralateral than with ipsilateral stimulation; while left hemisphere Ta latency was not dependent on the ear stimulated. Tb latency was shorter over the left hemisphere, and over the contralateral hemisphere. Ta-b amplitude increased as stimulus intensity increased. This amplitude change was not dependent on ear or hemisphere. Ta-b amplitudes were larger over the right hemisphere and over the contralateral hemisphere. Hemispheric asymmetries were not significantly affected by stimulus intensity.10aReaction Time1 aCacace, Anthony, T.1 aDowman, R.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/317036501987nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245008200055210006900137260001200206300001200218490000600230520135500236653003701591100002401628700002201652700001901674700002001693700002101713856004701734       1984                        eng d  a0196-070900aPsychoacoustic and electrophysiologic effects of partial eighth nerve damage.0 aPsychoacoustic and electrophysiologic effects of partial eighth   c02/1984  a43–480 v53 aThe authors present psychoacoustic and electrophysiologic data concerning a patient with partial damage to the auditory nerve, presumably from a dilated arterial vessel. The lesion was described and documented during neurosurgery for vestibular nerve decompression. Pure tone thresholds, psychoacoustical tuning curves, speech reception ability for spondaic words, maximum word recognition performance for monosyllabic NU-6 word lists, and performance on the synthetic sentence identification test in the ipsilateral and contralateral competing message modalities were normal. Findings consistent with eighth nerve dysfunction, absent contralateral acoustic reflexes, absent or unrecognizable early evoked potentials occurring in the first 10 msec, brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), and slight rollover of the performance intensity function for monosyllabic words were obtained on the involved side. In spite of the grossly abnormal BAEPs, two late, presumably cortical, auditory evoked potential components, which occur in the 60 to 250-msec range–vertex potential and T complex–were present and normal. The findings indicate that the perceptual processes needed for speech reception and recognition and for the appearance of later, presumably cortical-evoked potentials can be preserved despite partial damage to the auditory nerve.10aVestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases1 aCacace, Anthony, T.1 aGoldstein, J., C.1 aParnes, S., M.1 aSatya-Murti, S.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/653419301136nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245007700055210006900132260001200201300001400213490000700227520056400234653001100798100002000809700002100829700002400850700002100874856004700895       1983                        eng d  a0013-469400aLate auditory evoked potentials can occur without brain stem potentials.0 aLate auditory evoked potentials can occur without brain stem pot  c10/1983  a304–3080 v563 aThe sequence of early, middle and late auditory evoked potentials is well known. However, it is unknown whether the late (60-250 msec) potentials can occur independently of the early, brain stem potentials. Therefore, in 6 subjects with markedly abnormal or absent brain stem potentials, we recorded two of the late potentials: the vertex potential and the T-complex. The latter is a putative product of auditory cortex. Both of these potentials were clearly evident in all patients in spite of the absence of or marked abnormalities in brain stem potentials.10aHumans1 aSatya-Murti, S.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan1 aCacace, Anthony, T.1 aSchaffer, C., A.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6193943