02118nas a2200217   4500008004100000245008100041210006900122520141400191653002301605653003501628653001901663653003201682100001701714700001901731700002001750700001501770700001801785700002001803700001901823856005801842       2015                        eng d00aIdentifying the Attended Speaker Using Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals.0 aIdentifying the Attended Speaker Using Electrocorticographic ECo3 aPeople affected by severe neuro-degenerative diseases (e.g., late-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or locked-in syndrome) eventually lose all muscular control. Thus, they cannot use traditional assistive communication devices that depend on muscle control, or brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that depend on the ability to control gaze. While auditory and tactile BCIs can provide communication to such individuals, their use typically entails an artificial mapping between the stimulus and the communication intent. This makes these BCIs difficult to learn and use.

In this study, we investigated the use of selective auditory attention to natural speech as an avenue for BCI communication. In this approach, the user communicates by directing his/her attention to one of two simultaneously presented speakers. We used electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals in the gamma band (70–170 Hz) to infer the identity of attended speaker, thereby removing the need to learn such an artificial mapping.

Our results from twelve human subjects show that a single cortical location over superior temporal gyrus or pre-motor cortex is typically sufficient to identify the attended speaker within 10 s and with 77% accuracy (50% accuracy due to chance). These results lay the groundwork for future studies that may determine the real-time performance of BCIs based on selective auditory attention to speech.10aauditory attention10aBrain-computer interface (BCI)10aCocktail Party10aelectrocorticography (ECoG)1 aDijkstra, K.1 aBrunner, Peter1 aGunduz, Aysegul1 aCoon, W.G.1 aRitaccio, A L1 aFarquhar, Jason1 aSchalk, Gerwin  uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776341/02800nas a2200349   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162260001200231520168800243653003501931653002501966653003201991653002102023653004902044653002302093653001502116653001302131100002602144700002002170700002102190700001902211700001902230700001702249700002602266700002102292700002002313700001802333700001902351700001702370700001502387856004802402       2014                        eng d00aReal-Time Functional Mapping with Electrocorticography in Pediatric Epilepsy: Comparison with fMRI and ESM Findings.0 aRealTime Functional Mapping with Electrocorticography in Pediatr  c07/20143 aSIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Real-time Identification and Event Detection) software provides real-time functional mapping (RTFM) of eloquent cortex for epilepsy patients preparing to undergo resective surgery. This study presents the first application of paradigms used in functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and electrical cortical stimulation mapping (ESM) studies for shared functional cortical mapping in the context of RTFM. Results from the 3 modalities are compared. A left-handed 13-year-old male with intractable epilepsy participated in functional mapping for localization of eloquent language cortex with fMRI, ESM, and RTFM. For RTFM, data were acquired over the frontal and temporal cortex. Several paradigms were sequentially presented: passive (listening to stories) and active (picture naming and verb generation). For verb generation and story processing, fMRI showed atypical right lateralizing language activation within temporal lobe regions of interest and bilateral frontal activation with slight right lateralization. Left hemisphere ESM demonstrated no eloquent language areas. RTFM procedures using story processing and picture naming elicited activity in the right lateral and basal temporal regions. Verb generation elicited strong right lateral temporal lobe activation, as well as left frontal lobe activation. RTFM results confirmed atypical language lateralization evident from fMRI and ESM. We demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of a new RTFM stimulation paradigm during presurgical evaluation. Block design paradigms used in fMRI may be optimal for this purpose. Further development is needed to create age-appropriate RTFM test batteries.10aBrain-computer interface (BCI)10acortical stimulation10aelectrocorticography (ECoG)10aepilepsy surgery10afunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)10afunctional mapping10apediatrics10aSIGFRIED1 aKorostenskaja, Milena1 aWilson, Adam, J1 aRose, Douglas, F1 aBrunner, Peter1 aSchalk, Gerwin1 aLeach, James1 aMangano, Francesco, T1 aFujiwara, Hisako1 aRozhkov, Leonid1 aHarris, Elana1 aChen, Po-Ching1 aSeo, Joo-Hee1 aLee, Ki, H  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24293161