@article {3104, title = {A novel P300-based brain-computer interface stimulus presentation paradigm: moving beyond rows and columns.}, journal = {Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology}, volume = {121}, year = {2010}, month = {07/2010}, pages = {1109{\textendash}1120}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: An electroencephalographic brain-computer interface (BCI) can provide a non-muscular means of communication for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other neuromuscular disorders. We present a novel P300-based BCI stimulus presentation - the checkerboard paradigm (CBP). CBP performance is compared to that of the standard row/column paradigm (RCP) introduced by Farwell and Donchin (1988). METHODS: Using an 8x9 matrix of alphanumeric characters and keyboard commands, 18 participants used the CBP and RCP in counter-balanced fashion. With approximately 9-12 min of calibration data, we used a stepwise linear discriminant analysis for online classification of subsequent data. RESULTS: Mean online accuracy was significantly higher for the CBP, 92\%, than for the RCP, 77\%. Correcting for extra selections due to errors, mean bit rate was also significantly higher for the CBP, 23 bits/min, than for the RCP, 17 bits/min. Moreover, the two paradigms produced significantly different waveforms. Initial tests with three advanced ALS participants produced similar results. Furthermore, these individuals preferred the CBP to the RCP. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the CBP is markedly superior to the RCP in performance and user acceptability. SIGNIFICANCE: The CBP has the potential to provide a substantially more effective BCI than the RCP. This is especially important for people with severe neuromuscular disabilities.}, keywords = {brain-computer interface, brain-machine interface, EEG, event-related potential, P300, Rehabilitation}, issn = {1872-8952}, doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.030}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20347387}, author = {Townsend, G. and LaPallo, B. K. and Chadwick B. Boulay and Krusienski, D. J. and Frye, G. E. and Hauser, C. K. and Schwartz, N. E. and Theresa M Vaughan and Jonathan Wolpaw and Sellers, E. W.} }