@article {3112,
	title = {Brain-computer interfaces in neurological rehabilitation.},
	journal = {Lancet neurology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	pages = {1032{\textendash}1043},
	abstract = {Recent advances in analysis of brain signals, training patients to control these signals, and improved computing capabilities have enabled people with severe motor disabilities to use their brain signals for communication and control of objects in their environment, thereby bypassing their impaired neuromuscular system. Non-invasive, electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies can be used to control a computer cursor or a limb orthosis, for word processing and accessing the internet, and for other functions such as environmental control or entertainment. By re-establishing some independence, BCI technologies can substantially improve the lives of people with devastating neurological disorders such as advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BCI technology might also restore more effective motor control to people after stroke or other traumatic brain disorders by helping to guide activity-dependent brain plasticity by use of EEG brain signals to indicate to the patient the current state of brain activity and to enable the user to subsequently lower abnormal activity. Alternatively, by use of brain signals to supplement impaired muscle control, BCIs might increase the efficacy of a rehabilitation protocol and thus improve muscle control for the patient.},
	keywords = {User-Computer Interface},
	issn = {1474-4422},
	doi = {10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70223-0},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835541},
	author = {Janis J. Daly and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
@article {3252,
	title = {Therapeutic neural effects of electrical stimulation.},
	journal = {IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1996},
	month = {12/1996},
	pages = {218{\textendash}230},
	abstract = {The use of a functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) device can have therapeutic effects that persist when the device is not in use. Clinicians have reported changes in both voluntary and electrically assisted neuromuscular function and improvements in the condition of soft tissue. Motor recovery has been observed in people with incomplete spinal cord injury, stroke, or traumatic brain injury after the use of motor prostheses. Improvement in voluntary dorsiflexion and overall gait pattern has been reported both in the short term (several hours) and permanently. Electrical stimulation of skin over flexor muscles in the upper limb produced substantial reductions for up to 1 h in the severity of spasticity in brain-injured subjects, as measured by the change in torque generation during ramp-and-hold muscle stretch. There was typically an aggravation of the severity of spasticity when surface stimulation reached intensities sufficient to also excite muscle. Animals were trained to alter the size of the H-reflex to obtain a reward. The plasticity that underlies this operantly conditioned H-reflex change includes changes in the spinal cord itself. Comparable changes appear to occur with acquisition of certain motor skills. Current studies are exploring such changes in humans and animals with spinal cord injuries with the goal of using conditioning methods to assess function after injury and to promote and guide recovery of function. A better understanding of the mechanisms of neural plasticity, achieved through human and animal studies, may help us to design and implement FNS systems that have the potential to produce beneficial changes in the subject{\textquoteright}s central nervous systems.},
	keywords = {Treatment Outcome},
	issn = {1063-6528},
	doi = {10.1109/86.547922},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8973948},
	author = {Janis J. Daly and Marsolais, E. B. and Mendell, L. M. and Rymer, W. Z. and Stefanovska, A. and Jonathan Wolpaw and Kantor, C.}
}
