@article {3079,
	title = {Factors Influencing Tests of Auditory Processing: A Perspective on Current Issues and Relevant Concerns.},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Audiology},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {572{\textendash}589},
	abstract = {Background: Tests of auditory perception, such as those used in the assessment of central auditory processing disorders ([C]APDs), represent a domain in audiological assessment where measurement of this theoretical construct is often confounded by nonauditory abilities due to methodological shortcomings. These confounds include the effects of cognitive variables such as memory and attention and suboptimal testing paradigms, including the use of verbal reproduction as a form of response selection. We argue that these factors need to be controlled more carefully and/or modified so that their impact on tests of auditory and visual perception is only minimal. Purpose: To advocate for a stronger theoretical framework than currently exists and to suggest better methodological strategies to improve assessment of auditory processing disorders (APDs). Emphasis is placed on adaptive forced-choice psychophysical methods and the use of matched tasks in multiple sensory modalities to achieve these goals. Together, this approach has potential to improve the construct validity of the diagnosis, enhance and develop theory, and evolve into a preferred method of testing. Research Design: Examination of methods commonly used in studies of APDs. Where possible, currently used methodology is compared to contemporary psychophysical methods that emphasize computer-controlled forced-choice paradigms. Results: In many cases, the procedures used in studies of APD introduce confounding factors that could be minimized if computer-controlled forced-choice psychophysical methods were utilized. Conclusions: Ambiguities of interpretation, indeterminate diagnoses, and unwanted confounds can be avoided by minimizing memory and attentional demands on the input end and precluding the use of response-selection strategies that use complex motor processes on the output end. Advocated are the use of computer-controlled forced-choice psychophysical paradigms in combination with matched tasks in multiple sensory modalities to enhance the prospect of obtaining a valid diagnosis.},
	keywords = {adaptive forced-choice psychophysical methods, auditory processing disorder, dissociation, double dissociation, forced-choice psychophysical methods, modality specificity, response selection},
	issn = {2157-3107},
	doi = {10.3766/jaaa.24.7.6},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24047945},
	author = {Anthony T. Cacace and Dennis J. McFarland}
}
@article {3119,
	title = {Reliability of broadband middle-ear power-reflectance in younger and older adults: Application of Generalizability Theory.},
	journal = {American journal of audiology},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	abstract = {PURPOSE:
To assess the reliability of broadband middle-ear power reflectance (BMEPR) and transmittance profiles for chirp and tonal stimuli using generalizability theory (GT).
METHOD:
In adults without a history of middle-ear disease, the authors assessed the reliability of BMEPR to chirp and tonal stimuli using a multivariate approach based on an analysis of variance model (GT). For comparisons with other published studies, Pearson{\textquoteright}s product-moment correlation coefficients (Pearson{\textquoteright}s r) also were used.
RESULTS:
Based on GT with chirp stimuli, overall BMEPR measures had good reliability; however, the reliability of individual profiles across frequencies and ears was less than optimal. Lower generalizability coefficients were found when transmittance was evaluated. Test-retest reliability using Pearson{\textquoteright}s r was better for right versus left ears, and mid-frequencies were generally more reliable than those at either extreme of the frequency range. In contrast, tonal stimuli had higher generalizability coefficients and Pearson{\textquoteright}s r values than chirps for all frequencies tested; Pearson{\textquoteright}s r values were also higher for right versus left ears.
CONCLUSION:
The authors extended the use of GT as a preferred way to evaluate reliability of BMEPR and transmittance profiles for chirps and tones because it allows for a more comprehensive evaluation compared with unidimensional pairwise correlations.},
	issn = {1558-9137},
	doi = {10.1044/1059-0889(2013/12-0063)},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23824437},
	author = {Mahoney, Marty J. and Dennis J. McFarland and Carpenter, Michelle S. and Rizvi, Sabahet and Anthony T. Cacace}
}
@article {3126,
	title = {Covariance is the proper measure of test-retest reliability.},
	journal = {Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2011},
	month = {09/2011},
	pages = {1893; author reply 1893{\textendash}1893; author reply 1895},
	keywords = {Speech Perception},
	issn = {1872-8952},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.052},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21414840},
	author = {Dennis J. McFarland and Anthony T. Cacace}
}
@article {3128,
	title = {Electrophysiological markers of skill-related neuroplasticity.},
	journal = {Biological psychology},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2008},
	month = {07/2008},
	pages = {221{\textendash}230},
	abstract = {Neuroplasticity involved in acquiring a new cognitive skill was investigated with standard time domain event-related potentials (ERPs) of scalp-recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and frequency domain analysis of EEG oscillations looking at the event-related synchronization (ERS) and desynchronization (ERD) of neural activity. Electroencephalographic activity was recorded before and after practice, while participants performed alphabet addition (i.e., E+3=G, true or false?). Participant{\textquoteright}s performance became automated with practice through a switch in cognitive strategy from mentally counting-up in the alphabet to retrieving the answer from memory. Time domain analysis of the ERPs revealed a prominent positive peak at approximately 300 ms that was not reactive to problem attributes but was reduced with practice. A second prominent positive peak observed at approximately 500 ms was found to be larger after practice, mainly for problems presented with correct answers. Frequency domain spectral analyses yielded two distinct findings: (1) a frontal midline ERS of theta activity that was greater after practice, and (2) a beta band ERD that increased with problem difficulty before, but not after practice. Because the EEG oscillations were not phase locked to the stimulus, they were viewed as being independent of the time domain results. Consequently, use of time and frequency domain analyses provides a more comprehensive account of the underlying electrophysiological data than either method alone. When used in combination with a well-defined cognitive/behavioral paradigm, this approach serves to constrain the interpretations of EEG data and sets a new standard for studying the neuroplasticity involved in skill acquisition.},
	keywords = {EEG, ERP, neuroplasticity, skill learning},
	issn = {0301-0511},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.014},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18455861},
	author = {Romero, Stephen G. and Dennis J. McFarland and Faust, Robert and Farrell, Lori and Anthony T. Cacace}
}
@article {3136,
	title = {The importance of modality specificity in diagnosing central auditory processing disorder.},
	journal = {American journal of audiology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	month = {12/2005},
	pages = {112{\textendash}123},
	abstract = {PURPOSE:
This article argues for the use of modality specificity as a unifying framework by which to conceptualize and diagnose central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). The intent is to generate dialogue and critical discussion in this area of study.
METHOD:
Research in the cognitive, behavioral, and neural sciences that relates to the concept of modality specificity was reviewed and synthesized.
RESULTS:
Modality specificity has a long history as an organizing construct within a diverse collection of mainstream scientific disciplines. The principle of modality specificity was contrasted with the unimodal inclusive framework, which holds that auditory tests alone are sufficient to make the CAPD diagnosis. Evidence from a large body of data demonstrated that the unimodal framework was unable to delineate modality-specific processes from more generalized dysfunction; it lacked discriminant validity and resulted in an incomplete assessment. Consequently, any hypothetical model resulting from incomplete assessments or potential therapies that are based on indeterminate diagnoses are themselves questionable, and caution should be used in their application.
CONCLUSIONS:
Improving specificity of diagnosis is an imperative core issue to the area of CAPD. Without specificity, the concept has little explanatory power. Because of serious flaws in concept and design, the unimodal inclusive framework should be abandoned in favor of a more valid approach that uses modality specificity.},
	keywords = {central auditory processing disorder, modality specificity},
	issn = {1059-0889},
	doi = {10.1044/1059-0889(2005/012)},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16489868},
	author = {Anthony T. Cacace and Dennis J. McFarland}
}
@article {3141,
	title = {Separating stimulus-locked and unlocked components of the auditory event-related potential.},
	journal = {Hearing research},
	volume = {193},
	year = {2004},
	month = {07/2004},
	pages = {111{\textendash}120},
	abstract = {A new method is evaluated for separating stimulus-locked and unlocked components of auditory event-related EEG activity. The new method uses a regression based subtraction procedure as a way to account for latency and amplitude variability within individual trials. It was applied using the oddball paradigm under conditions of active and passive listening and analyzed as spectral correlations (normalized differences) between post-stimulus epochs of standard, target or deviant stimulus conditions and silent pre-stimulus baseline activity. The regression-subtraction procedure accounted for a greater amount of variance than a method that uses linear subtraction alone. The major component of the response to auditory stimulation was an event-related synchronization in the delta and theta (2-4 Hz) frequency range. Event-related desynchronizations were also observed in the 10 Hz (alpha/mu) and in the 20-30 Hz (beta) frequency range. The regression based subtraction procedure provides better separation of stimulus-locked and unlocked components of event-related EEG activity then linear subtraction alone. Stimulus-locked and unlocked components show different patterns and topographies of effects related to attention and active discrimination. Studying both stimulus-locked and unlocked components of event-related EEG reactivity in the frequency domain provides a more comprehensive account of dynamic brain activity subserving auditory information processing.},
	keywords = {event-related desynchronization, event-related potentials, event-related synchronization, phase, spectral dynamics},
	issn = {0378-5955},
	doi = {10.1016/j.heares.2004.03.014},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15219326},
	author = {Dennis J. McFarland and Anthony T. Cacace}
}
@article {3143,
	title = {Potential problems in the differential diagnosis of (central) auditory processing disorder (CAPD or APD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Audiology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2003},
	month = {07/2003},
	pages = {278{\textendash}80; author reply 280},
	keywords = {Humans},
	issn = {1050-0545},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12956312},
	author = {Dennis J. McFarland and Anthony T. Cacace}
}
@article {3146,
	title = {Quantifying signal-to-noise ratio of mismatch negativity in humans.},
	journal = {Neuroscience letters},
	volume = {341},
	year = {2003},
	month = {05/2003},
	pages = {251{\textendash}255},
	abstract = {Mismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to represent a neurophysiological index of auditory information processing that is independent of attention. Because this measure does not require an overt behavioral response, MMN has potential to evaluate higher order perceptual abilities in infants, young children and difficult-to-test populations, thereby extending results obtained from more basic physiologic and electroacoustic measures (auditory brainstem responses, ABRs; otoacoustic emissions, OAEs). Whereas the basic tenet of MMN is appealing, several issues-of-contention remain to be solved before this event related potential (ERP) can be applicable for routine clinical use. These issues include the consistent identification of MMN within individuals (vs. groups), its stability over time, and its reportedly poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Herein, we focus on the issue of SNR, by comparing and contrasting SNR of MMN with other long latency auditory ERPs.},
	keywords = {auditory brainstem responses, event related potential, mismatch negativity, otoacoustic emissions, signal-to-noise ratio},
	issn = {0304-3940},
	doi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00196-4},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12697295},
	author = {Anthony T. Cacace and Dennis J. McFarland}
}
@article {3147,
	title = {Spectral dynamics of electroencephalographic activity during auditory information processing.},
	journal = {Hearing research},
	volume = {176},
	year = {2003},
	month = {02/2003},
	pages = {25{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {Dynamics of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during auditory information processing were evaluated in response to changes in stimulus complexity, stimulus discriminability and attention using the oddball paradigm. In comparison to pre-stimulus baseline conditions, auditory stimulation synchronized EEG activity in delta, theta and alpha frequency bands. Event-related synchronization (ERS) effects were greatest at approximately 3 Hz (theta frequency band), and their magnitude depended on stimulus and task demands. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) of EEG activity was observed in the beta frequency band. This effect was greatest at approximately 21 Hz but occurred only for easily discriminable stimuli in attention-related target conditions. Because active discrimination tasks also required a button-press response with the right hand, ERDs involved more complex responses that may be related to a combination of perceptual, motor and cognitive processes. These results demonstrate that oddball and attention-related EEG responses to auditory stimulation could be characterized in the frequency domain. The specific design and analysis features described herein may prove useful since they provide a simple index of the brain{\textquoteright}s response to stimulation while at the same time provide powerful information not contained in typical time domain analysis.},
	keywords = {Electroencephalography, event-related brain dynamics, event-related desynchronization, event-related synchronization, psychophysics, spectral analysis, time domain analysis},
	issn = {0378-5955},
	doi = {10.1016/S0378-5955(02)00715-3},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12583879},
	author = {Anthony T. Cacace and Dennis J. McFarland}
}
@article {3148,
	title = {Factor analysis in CAPD and the "unimodal" test battery: do we have a model that will satisfy?.},
	journal = {American journal of audiology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	month = {06/2002},
	pages = {7{\textendash}9; author reply 9-12},
	keywords = {Reproducibility of Results},
	issn = {1059-0889},
	doi = {10.1044/1059-0889(2002/ltr01)},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12227358},
	author = {Dennis J. McFarland and Anthony T. Cacace}
}
@article {3260,
	title = {The influence of stimulus intensity, contralateral masking and handedness on the temporal N1 and the T complex components of the auditory N1 wave, by John F. Connolly.},
	journal = {Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology},
	volume = {91},
	year = {1994},
	month = {07/1994},
	pages = {71{\textendash}76},
	keywords = {Humans},
	issn = {0013-4694},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(94)90020-5},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7517847},
	author = {Jonathan Wolpaw and Anthony T. Cacace}
}
@article {3270,
	title = {Human middle-latency auditory evoked potentials: vertex and temporal components.},
	journal = {Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1990},
	month = {02/1990},
	pages = {6{\textendash}18},
	abstract = {We recorded middle-latency (20-70 msec) auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs) to monaural and binaural clicks in 30 normal adults (ages 20-49 years) at 32 scalp locations all referred to a balanced non-cephalic reference. Our goal was to define the MLAEP components that were present at comparable latencies and comparable locations across the subject population. Group and individual data were evaluated both as topographic maps and as MLAEPs at selected electrode locations. Three major components occurred between 20 and 70 msec, two well-known peaks centered at the vertex, and one previously undefined peak focused over the posterior temporal area. Pa is a 29 msec positive peak centered at the vertex and present with both monaural and binaural stimulation. Pb is a 53 msec positive peak also centered at the vertex but seen consistently only with binaural and right ear stimulation. TP41 is a 41 msec positive peak focused over both temporal areas. TP41 has not been identified in previous MLAEP studies that concentrated on central scalp locations and/or used active reference electrode sites such as ears or mastoids. Available topographic, intracranial, pharmacologic, and lesion studies indicate that Pa, Pb and TP41 are of neural origin. Whether Pa and/or Pb are produced in Heschl{\textquoteright}s gyrus, primary auditory cortex, remains unclear. TP41 is probably produced by auditory cortex on the posterior lateral surface of the temporal lobe. It should prove of considerable value in experimental and clinical evaluation of higher level auditory function in particular and of cortical function in general.},
	keywords = {(human), middle-latency auditory evoked potential (MLAEP), temporal components, vertex components},
	issn = {0013-4694},
	doi = {10.1016/0168-5597(90)90012-3},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1688786},
	author = {Anthony T. Cacace and Satya-Murti, S. and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
@article {3278,
	title = {T complex hemispheric asymmetries: effects of stimulus intensity.},
	journal = {Hearing research},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1988},
	month = {08/1988},
	pages = {225{\textendash}232},
	abstract = {The T complex component of the human auditory evoked potential (AEP) is thought to be produced in auditory cortex, on the posterior lateral surface of the temporal lobe. Recorded over temporal scalp, it consists of an 80-90 ms positive peak, Ta, and a 120-140 negative peak, Tb. As part of an effort to develop the clinical usefulness of the T complex in assessing auditory cortical function, we studied the effects of change in monaural stimulus intensity (20-80 dB SL) on T complex latency, amplitude, and hemispheric differences in normal adults. Ta and Tb peak latencies decreased as stimulus intensity increased. These latency changes were not dependent on ear or hemisphere. Right hemisphere Ta latency was shorter with contralateral than with ipsilateral stimulation; while left hemisphere Ta latency was not dependent on the ear stimulated. Tb latency was shorter over the left hemisphere, and over the contralateral hemisphere. Ta-b amplitude increased as stimulus intensity increased. This amplitude change was not dependent on ear or hemisphere. Ta-b amplitudes were larger over the right hemisphere and over the contralateral hemisphere. Hemispheric asymmetries were not significantly affected by stimulus intensity.},
	keywords = {Reaction Time},
	issn = {0378-5955},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-5955(88)90002-0},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3170365},
	author = {Anthony T. Cacace and Dowman, R. and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
@article {3289,
	title = {Psychoacoustic and electrophysiologic effects of partial eighth nerve damage.},
	journal = {American journal of otolaryngology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1984},
	month = {02/1984},
	pages = {43{\textendash}48},
	abstract = {The authors present psychoacoustic and electrophysiologic data concerning a patient with partial damage to the auditory nerve, presumably from a dilated arterial vessel. The lesion was described and documented during neurosurgery for vestibular nerve decompression. Pure tone thresholds, psychoacoustical tuning curves, speech reception ability for spondaic words, maximum word recognition performance for monosyllabic NU-6 word lists, and performance on the synthetic sentence identification test in the ipsilateral and contralateral competing message modalities were normal. Findings consistent with eighth nerve dysfunction, absent contralateral acoustic reflexes, absent or unrecognizable early evoked potentials occurring in the first 10 msec, brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), and slight rollover of the performance intensity function for monosyllabic words were obtained on the involved side. In spite of the grossly abnormal BAEPs, two late, presumably cortical, auditory evoked potential components, which occur in the 60 to 250-msec range{\textendash}vertex potential and T complex{\textendash}were present and normal. The findings indicate that the perceptual processes needed for speech reception and recognition and for the appearance of later, presumably cortical-evoked potentials can be preserved despite partial damage to the auditory nerve.},
	keywords = {Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases},
	issn = {0196-0709},
	doi = {10.1016/S0196-0709(84)80019-8},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6534193},
	author = {Anthony T. Cacace and Goldstein, J. C. and Parnes, S. M. and Satya-Murti, S. and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
@article {3293,
	title = {Late auditory evoked potentials can occur without brain stem potentials.},
	journal = {Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1983},
	month = {10/1983},
	pages = {304{\textendash}308},
	abstract = {The sequence of early, middle and late auditory evoked potentials is well known. However, it is unknown whether the late (60-250 msec) potentials can occur independently of the early, brain stem potentials. Therefore, in 6 subjects with markedly abnormal or absent brain stem potentials, we recorded two of the late potentials: the vertex potential and the T-complex. The latter is a putative product of auditory cortex. Both of these potentials were clearly evident in all patients in spite of the absence of or marked abnormalities in brain stem potentials.},
	keywords = {Humans},
	issn = {0013-4694},
	doi = {10.1016/0013-4694(83)90255-9},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6193943},
	author = {Satya-Murti, S. and Jonathan Wolpaw and Anthony T. Cacace and Schaffer, C. A.}
}
