@article {3386,
	title = {A practical, intuitive brain-computer interface for communicating {\textquoteright}yes{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteright}no{\textquoteright} by listening.},
	journal = {J Neural Eng},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {035003},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE:
Previous work has shown that it is possible to build an EEG-based binary brain-computer interface system (BCI) driven purely by shifts of attention to auditory stimuli. However, previous studies used abrupt, abstract stimuli that are often perceived as harsh and unpleasant, and whose lack of inherent meaning may make the interface unintuitive and difficult for beginners. We aimed to establish whether we could transition to a system based on more natural, intuitive stimuli (spoken words {\textquoteright}yes{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}no{\textquoteright}) without loss of performance, and whether the system could be used by people in the locked-in state.
APPROACH:
We performed a counterbalanced, interleaved within-subject comparison between an auditory streaming BCI that used beep stimuli, and one that used word stimuli. Fourteen healthy volunteers performed two sessions each, on separate days. We also collected preliminary data from two subjects with advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), who used the word-based system to answer a set of simple yes-no questions.
MAIN RESULTS:
The N1, N2 and P3 event-related potentials elicited by words varied more between subjects than those elicited by beeps. However, the difference between responses to attended and unattended stimuli was more consistent with words than beeps. Healthy subjects{\textquoteright} performance with word stimuli (mean 77\% {\textpm} 3.3 s.e.) was slightly but not significantly better than their performance with beep stimuli (mean 73\% {\textpm} 2.8 s.e.). The two subjects with ALS used the word-based BCI to answer questions with a level of accuracy similar to that of the healthy subjects.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Since performance using word stimuli was at least as good as performance using beeps, we recommend that auditory streaming BCI systems be built with word stimuli to make the system more pleasant and intuitive. Our preliminary data show that word-based streaming BCI is a promising tool for communication by people who are locked in.},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Auditory Perception, brain-computer interfaces, Communication Aids for Disabled, Electroencephalography, Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Man-Machine Systems, Middle Aged, Quadriplegia, Treatment Outcome, User-Computer Interface},
	issn = {1741-2552},
	doi = {10.1088/1741-2560/11/3/035003},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24838278},
	author = {Jeremy Jeremy Hill and Ricci, Erin and Haider, Sameah and McCane, Lynn M and Susan M Heckman and Jonathan Wolpaw and Theresa M Vaughan}
}
@article {2135,
	title = {A note on ethical aspects of BCI.},
	journal = {Neural Netw},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009 },
	pages = {1352-7},
	abstract = {<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">This paper focuses on ethical aspects of BCI, as a research and a clinical tool, that are challenging for practitioners currently working in the field. Specifically, the difficulties involved in acquiring informed consent from locked-in patients are investigated, in combination with an analysis of the shared moral responsibility in BCI teams, and the complications encountered in establishing effective communication with media.</span></p>},
	keywords = {Bioethics, Brain, Communication, Communications Media, Cooperative Behavior, Humans, Informed Consent, Professional-Patient Relations, Quadriplegia, User-Computer Interface},
	issn = {1879-2782},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neunet.2009.06.046},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19616405},
	author = {Haselager, Pim and Vlek, Rutger and Jeremy Jeremy Hill and Nijboer, F}
}
