@article {2195, title = {A procedure for measuring latencies in brain-computer interfaces.}, journal = {IEEE Trans Biomed Eng}, volume = {57}, year = {2010}, month = {06/2010}, pages = {1785-97}, abstract = {

Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems must process neural signals with consistent timing in order to support adequate system performance. Thus, it is important to have the capability to determine whether a particular BCI configuration (i.e., hardware and software) provides adequate timing performance for a particular experiment. This report presents a method of measuring and quantifying different aspects of system timing in several typical BCI experiments across a range of settings, and presents comprehensive measures of expected overall system latency for each experimental configuration.

}, keywords = {Brain, Computer Systems, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Models, Neurological, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Time Factors, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1558-2531}, doi = {10.1109/TBME.2010.2047259}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403781}, author = {Adam J Wilson and Mellinger, J{\"u}rgen and Gerwin Schalk and Williams, Justin C} } @article {2190, title = {Using an EEG-based brain-computer interface for virtual cursor movement with BCI2000.}, journal = {J Vis Exp}, year = {2009}, month = {07/2009}, abstract = {

A brain-computer interface (BCI) functions by translating a neural signal, such as the electroencephalogram (EEG), into a signal that can be used to control a computer or other device. The amplitude of the EEG signals in selected frequency bins are measured and translated into a device command, in this case the horizontal and vertical velocity of a computer cursor. First, the EEG electrodes are applied to the user s scalp using a cap to record brain activity. Next, a calibration procedure is used to find the EEG electrodes and features that the user will learn to voluntarily modulate to use the BCI. In humans, the power in the mu (8-12 Hz) and beta (18-28 Hz) frequency bands decrease in amplitude during a real or imagined movement. These changes can be detected in the EEG in real-time, and used to control a BCI ([1],[2]). Therefore, during a screening test, the user is asked to make several different imagined movements with their hands and feet to determine the unique EEG features that change with the imagined movements. The results from this calibration will show the best channels to use, which are configured so that amplitude changes in the mu and beta frequency bands move the cursor either horizontally or vertically. In this experiment, the general purpose BCI system BCI2000 is used to control signal acquisition, signal processing, and feedback to the user [3].

}, keywords = {Brain, Calibration, Electrodes, Electroencephalography, Humans, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1940-087X}, doi = {10.3791/1319}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641479}, author = {Adam J Wilson and Gerwin Schalk and Walton, L{\'e}o M and Williams, Justin C} }