@article {2137, title = {Voluntary brain regulation and communication with electrocorticogram signals.}, journal = {Epilepsy Behav}, volume = {13}, year = {2008}, month = {08/2008}, pages = {300-6}, abstract = {

Brain-computer interfaces\ (BCIs) can be used for communication in writing without muscular activity or for learning to control seizures by voluntary regulation of\ brain\ signals such as the electroencephalogram (EEG). Three of five patients with epilepsy were able to spell their names with electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals derived from motor-related areas within only one or two training sessions. Imagery of finger or tongue movements was classified with support-vector classification of autoregressive coefficients derived from the ECoG signals. After training of the classifier, binary classification responses were used to select letters from a\ computer-generated menu. Offline analysis showed increased theta activity in the unsuccessful patients, whereas the successful patients exhibited dominant sensorimotor rhythms that they could control. The high spatial resolution and increased signal-to-noise ratio in ECoG signals, combined with short training periods, may offer an alternative for communication in complete paralysis, locked-in syndrome, and motor restoration.

}, keywords = {Adult, Biofeedback, Psychology, Cerebral Cortex, Communication Aids for Disabled, Dominance, Cerebral, Electroencephalography, Epilepsies, Partial, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Motor Cortex, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Software, Somatosensory Cortex, Theta Rhythm, User-Computer Interface, Writing}, issn = {1525-5069}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.03.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18495541}, author = {Hinterberger, T. and Widman, Guido and Lal, T.N and Jeremy Jeremy Hill and Tangermann, Michael and Rosenstiel, W. and Sch{\"o}lkopf, B and Elger, Christian and Niels Birbaumer} } @article {2166, title = {BCI2000: a general-purpose brain-computer interface (BCI) system.}, journal = {IEEE Trans Biomed Eng}, volume = {51}, year = {2004}, month = {06/2004}, pages = {1034-43}, abstract = {Many laboratories have begun to develop brain-computer interface (BCI) systems that provide communication and control capabilities to people with severe motor disabilities. Further progress and realization of practical applications depends on systematic evaluations and comparisons of different brain signals, recording methods, processing algorithms, output formats, and operating protocols. However, the typical BCI system is designed specifically for one particular BCI method and is, therefore, not suited to the systematic studies that are essential for continued progress. In response to this problem, we have developed a documented general-purpose BCI research and development platform called BCI2000. BCI2000 can incorporate alone or in combination any brain signals, signal processing methods, output devices, and operating protocols. This report is intended to describe to investigators, biomedical engineers, and computer scientists the concepts that the BC12000 system is based upon and gives examples of successful BCI implementations using this system. To date, we have used BCI2000 to create BCI systems for a variety of brain signals, processing methods, and applications. The data show that these systems function well in online operation and that BCI2000 satisfies the stringent real-time requirements of BCI systems. By substantially reducing labor and cost, BCI2000 facilitates the implementation of different BCI systems and other psychophysiological experiments. It is available with full documentation and free of charge for research or educational purposes and is currently being used in a variety of studies by many research groups.}, keywords = {Algorithms, Brain, Cognition, Communication Aids for Disabled, Computer Peripherals, Electroencephalography, Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Systems Integration, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {0018-9294}, doi = {10.1109/TBME.2004.827072}, author = {Gerwin Schalk and Dennis J. McFarland and Hinterberger, T. and Niels Birbaumer and Jonathan Wolpaw} }