I have a broad background in neurophysiology and neuroanatomy. Over the past 23 years I have conducted extensive physiological and anatomical studies in animals to investigate the complex plasticity in spinal cord and brain associated with reflex conditioning, spinal cord injuries, and other interventions (e.g., cortical stimulation, brain areal ablations, peripheral nerve injuries). Our group has shown that appropriate reflex conditioning can help to restore function after partial spinal cord injuries, and may also improve locomotion after peripheral nerve transection and repair. My research has been consistently supported by funding from the NIH and a number of private foundations, and my work has been described in many papers in excellent journals.
2017
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Spinal transection alters external urethral sphincter activity during spontaneous voiding in freely-moving rats.. Spinal transection alters external urethral sphincter activity during spontaneous voiding in freely-moving rats. Journal of neurotrauma. 2017. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467736. Spinal transection alters external urethral sphincter activity during spontaneous voiding in freely-moving rats.pdf (1.11 MB)
2016
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The inferior olive is essential for long-term maintenance of a simple motor skill.. The inferior olive is essential for long-term maintenance of a simple motor skill. Journal of neurophysiology. 2016;116:1946–1955. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27535367. The inferior olive is essential for long-term maintenance of a simple motor skill.pdf (2.57 MB)
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Ablation of the inferior olive prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats.. Ablation of the inferior olive prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats. Journal of neurophysiology. 2016;115:1630–1636. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26792888. Ablation of the inferior olive prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats.pdf (833.63 KB)
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Contribution of the external urethral sphincter to urinary void size in unanesthetized unrestrained rats.. Contribution of the external urethral sphincter to urinary void size in unanesthetized unrestrained rats. Neurourology and urodynamics. 2016;35:696–702. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25995074. Contribution of the external urethral sphincter to urinary void size in unanesthetized unrestrained rats.pdf (930.12 KB)
2015
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Electrocorticographic activity over sensorimotor cortex and motor function in awake behaving rats.. Electrocorticographic activity over sensorimotor cortex and motor function in awake behaving rats. J Neurophysiol. 2015;113(7):2232-41. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25632076. Electrocorticographic activity over sensorimotor cortex and motor function in awake behaving rats.pdf (553.25 KB)
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Retraction Note: Comparison of the sagittal profiles among thoracic idiopathic scoliosis patients with different Cobb angles and growth potentials.Retraction Note: Comparison of the sagittal profiles among thoracic idiopathic scoliosis patients with different Cobb angles and growth potentials. J Orthop Surg Res. 2015;10(1):44. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25886636. Retraction Note Comparison of the sagittal profiles among thoracic idiopathic scoliosis patients with different Cobb angles and growth potentials.pdf (259.68 KB)
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An update on oligosaccharides and their esters from traditional chinese medicines: chemical structures and biological activities.. An update on oligosaccharides and their esters from traditional chinese medicines: chemical structures and biological activities. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:512675. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25861364. An update on oligosaccharides and their esters from traditional chinese medicines chemical structures and biological activities.pdf (1.3 MB)
2014
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Persistent beneficial impact of H-reflex conditioning in spinal cord-injured rats.. Persistent beneficial impact of H-reflex conditioning in spinal cord-injured rats. J Neurophysiol. 2014;112(10):2374-81. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143542. Persistent beneficial impact of H-reflex conditioning in spinal cord-injured rats.pdf (296.26 KB)
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Effects of pamidronate disodium on the loss of osteoarthritic subchondral bone and the expression of cartilaginous and subchondral osteoprotegerin and RANKL in rabbits.Effects of pamidronate disodium on the loss of osteoarthritic subchondral bone and the expression of cartilaginous and subchondral osteoprotegerin and RANKL in rabbits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:370. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25377946. Effects of pamidronate disodium on the loss of osteoarthritic subchondral bone and the expression of cartilaginous and subchondral osteoprotegerin and RANKL in rabbits.pdf (2.36 MB)
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Effects of pamidronate disodium on the loss of osteoarthritic subchondral bone and the expression of cartilaginous and subchondral osteoprotegerin and RANKL in rabbits.Effects of pamidronate disodium on the loss of osteoarthritic subchondral bone and the expression of cartilaginous and subchondral osteoprotegerin and RANKL in rabbits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:370. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25377946. Effects of pamidronate disodium on the loss of osteoarthritic subchondral bone and the expression of cartilaginous and subchondral osteoprotegerin and RANKL in rabbits.pdf (2.36 MB)
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Erratum: comparison of the sagittal profiles among thoracic idiopathic scoliosis patients with different Cobb angles and growth potentials.Erratum: comparison of the sagittal profiles among thoracic idiopathic scoliosis patients with different Cobb angles and growth potentials. J Orthop Surg Res. 2014;9:82. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25927908. Erratum comparison of the sagittal profiles among thoracic idiopathic scoliosis patients with different Cobb angles and growth potentials.pdf (107.14 KB)
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Long-term recording of external urethral sphincter EMG activity in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats.. Long-term recording of external urethral sphincter EMG activity in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2014;307(4):F485-97. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24990895. Long-term recording of external urethral EMG activity in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats.pdf (735.95 KB)
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Locomotor impact of beneficial or nonbeneficial H-reflex conditioning after spinal cord injury.Locomotor impact of beneficial or nonbeneficial H-reflex conditioning after spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2014;111(6):1249-58. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24371288. Locomotor impact of beneficial or nonbeneficial H-reflex conditioning after spinal cord injury.pdf (1.03 MB)
2013
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Soleus H-reflex operant conditioning changes the H-reflex recruitment curve.. Soleus H-reflex operant conditioning changes the H-reflex recruitment curve. Muscle & nerve. 2013;47:539–544. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281107. Soleus H-reflex operant conditioning changes the H-reflex recruitment curve.pdf (646.95 KB)
2012
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Cortical stimulation causes long-term changes in H-reflexes and spinal motoneuron GABA receptors.. Cortical stimulation causes long-term changes in H-reflexes and spinal motoneuron GABA receptors. Journal of neurophysiology. 2012;108:2668–2678. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22933718. Cortical stimulation causes long-term changes in H-reflexes and spinal motoneuron GABA receptors.pdf (2.41 MB)
2011
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WITHDRAWN: H-reflex up-conditioning after sciatic nerve transection and regeneration may increase VGLUT-1 terminals and GluR2/3 immunoreactivity in spinal motoneurons.. WITHDRAWN: H-reflex up-conditioning after sciatic nerve transection and regeneration may increase VGLUT-1 terminals and GluR2/3 immunoreactivity in spinal motoneurons. Neuroscience letters. 2011. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22198372. WITHDRAWN H-reflex up-conditioning after sciatic nerve transection and regeneration may increase VGLUT-1 terminals and GluR2:3 immunoreactivity in spinal motoneurons.pdf (20.72 KB)
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Operant conditioning of rat soleus H-reflex oppositely affects another H-reflex and changes locomotor kinematics.. Operant conditioning of rat soleus H-reflex oppositely affects another H-reflex and changes locomotor kinematics. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2011;31:11370–11375. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21813696. Operant conditioning of rat soleus H-reflex oppositely affects another H-reflex and changes locomotor kinematics.pdf (960.62 KB)
2010
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H-reflex up-conditioning encourages recovery of EMG activity and H-reflexes after sciatic nerve transection and repair in rats.H-reflex up-conditioning encourages recovery of EMG activity and H-reflexes after sciatic nerve transection and repair in rats. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2010;30:16128–16136. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123559. H-reflex up-conditioning encourages recovery of EMG activity and H-reflexes after sciatic nerve transection and repair in rats.pdf (2.21 MB)
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External urethral sphincter motoneuron properties in adult female rats studied in vitro.. External urethral sphincter motoneuron properties in adult female rats studied in vitro. Journal of neurophysiology. 2010;104:1286–1300. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573976. External urethral sphincter motoneuron properties in adult female rats studied in vitro.pdf (1.16 MB)
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Reflex conditioning: a new strategy for improving motor function after spinal cord injury.Reflex conditioning: a new strategy for improving motor function after spinal cord injury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010;1198 Suppl 1:E12–E21. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20590534. Electroencephalographic (EEG) control of three-dimensional movement.pdf (957.3 KB)
2009
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Homology modeling of human alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 and house fly beta 3 GABA receptor channels and Surflex-docking of fipronil.. Homology modeling of human alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 and house fly beta 3 GABA receptor channels and Surflex-docking of fipronil. Journal of molecular modeling. 2009;15:1145–1153. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238461. cheng2009.pdf (624.02 KB)
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Acquisition of a simple motor skill: task-dependent adaptation plus long-term change in the human soleus H-reflex.. Acquisition of a simple motor skill: task-dependent adaptation plus long-term change in the human soleus H-reflex. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2009;29:5784–5792. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19420246. Acquisition of a simple motor skill task-dependent adaptation plus long-term change in the human soleus H-reflex.pdf (1.81 MB)
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H-reflex down-conditioning greatly increases the number of identifiable GABAergic interneurons in rat ventral horn.. H-reflex down-conditioning greatly increases the number of identifiable GABAergic interneurons in rat ventral horn. Neuroscience letters. 2009;452:124–129. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19383426. H-reflex down-conditioning greatly increases the number of identifiable GABAergic interneurons in rat ventral horn.pdf (1.25 MB)
2008
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Effects of H-reflex up-conditioning on GABAergic terminals on rat soleus motoneurons.. Effects of H-reflex up-conditioning on GABAergic terminals on rat soleus motoneurons. The European journal of neuroscience. 2008;28:668–674. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657184. Effects of H-reflex up-conditioning on GABAergic terminals on rat soleus motoneurons.pdf (804.78 KB)
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An in vitro protocol for recording from spinal motoneurons of adult rats.An in vitro protocol for recording from spinal motoneurons of adult rats. Journal of neurophysiology. 2008;100:474–481. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18463177. An in vitro protocol for recording from spinal motoneurons of adult rats.pdf (298.74 KB)
2007
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Spinal and supraspinal effects of long-term stimulation of sensorimotor cortex in rats.Spinal and supraspinal effects of long-term stimulation of sensorimotor cortex in rats. Journal of neurophysiology. 2007;98:878–887. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17522179. Spinal and supraspinal effects of long-term stimulation of sensorimotor cortex in rats.pdf (326.18 KB)
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Recovery of electromyographic activity after transection and surgical repair of the rat sciatic nerve.. Recovery of electromyographic activity after transection and surgical repair of the rat sciatic nerve. Journal of neurophysiology. 2007;97:1127–1134. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17122310. Recovery of electromyographic activity after transection and surgical repair of the rat sciatic nerve.pdf (276.94 KB)
2006
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Operant conditioning of H-reflex can correct a locomotor abnormality after spinal cord injury in rats.Operant conditioning of H-reflex can correct a locomotor abnormality after spinal cord injury in rats. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2006;26:12537–12543. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135415. Operant conditioning of rat soleus H-reflex oppositely affects another H-reflex and changes locomotor kinematics.pdf (960.62 KB)
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Corticospinal tract transection permanently abolishes H-reflex down-conditioning in rats.. Corticospinal tract transection permanently abolishes H-reflex down-conditioning in rats. Journal of neurotrauma. 2006;23:1705–1712. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17115915. Corticospinal tract transection permanently abolishes H-reflex down-conditioning in rats.pdf (594.93 KB)
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H-reflex operant conditioning in mice.. H-reflex operant conditioning in mice. Journal of neurophysiology. 2006;96:1718–1727. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16837659. H-reflex operant conditioning in mice.pdf (153.56 KB)
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Operant conditioning of reciprocal inhibition in rat soleus muscle.. Operant conditioning of reciprocal inhibition in rat soleus muscle. Journal of neurophysiology. 2006;96:2144–2150. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16807351. Operant conditioning of reciprocal inhibition in rat soleus muscle.pdf (175.86 KB)
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Modulation in spinal circuits and corticospinal connections following nerve stimulation and operant conditioning.. Modulation in spinal circuits and corticospinal connections following nerve stimulation and operant conditioning. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference. 2006;1:2138–2141. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17946939. thompson2006.pdf (239.47 KB)
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Sensorimotor cortex ablation prevents H-reflex up-conditioning and causes a paradoxical response to down-conditioning in rats.. Sensorimotor cortex ablation prevents H-reflex up-conditioning and causes a paradoxical response to down-conditioning in rats. Journal of neurophysiology. 2006;96:119–127. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16598062. Sensorimotor cortex ablation prevents H-reflex up-conditioning and causes a paradoxical response to down-conditioning in rats.pdf (317.02 KB)
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The cerebellum in maintenance of a motor skill: a hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity underlies H-reflex conditioning.. The cerebellum in maintenance of a motor skill: a hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity underlies H-reflex conditioning. Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). 2006;13:208–215. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585796. The cerebellum in maintenance of a motor skill a hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity underlies H-reflex conditioning.pdf (244.68 KB)
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Diurnal H-reflex variation in mice.. Diurnal H-reflex variation in mice. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale. 2006;168:517–528. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151781. Diurnal H-reflex variation in mice.pdf (412.14 KB)
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Motor learning changes GABAergic terminals on spinal motoneurons in normal rats.. Motor learning changes GABAergic terminals on spinal motoneurons in normal rats. The European journal of neuroscience. 2006;23:141–150. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16420424. Motor learning changes GABAergic terminals on spinal motoneurons in normal rats.pdf (236.03 KB)
2005
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Long-term spinal reflex studies in awake behaving mice.. Long-term spinal reflex studies in awake behaving mice. Journal of neuroscience methods. 2005;149:134–143. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16026848. Long-term spinal reflex studies in awake behaving mice.pdf (258.24 KB)
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The interaction of a new motor skill and an old one: H-reflex conditioning and locomotion in rats.The interaction of a new motor skill and an old one: H-reflex conditioning and locomotion in rats. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2005;25:6898–6906. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033899. The interaction of a new motor skill and an old one H-reflex conditioning and locomotion in rats.pdf (346.36 KB)
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Ablation of cerebellar nuclei prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats.. Ablation of cerebellar nuclei prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats. Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). 2005;12:248–254. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15930503. Ablation of cerebellar nuclei prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats.pdf (223.05 KB)
2003
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Conditioned H-reflex increase persists after transection of the main corticospinal tract in rats.. Conditioned H-reflex increase persists after transection of the main corticospinal tract in rats. Journal of neurophysiology. 2003;90:3572–3578. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917382. Conditioned H-reflex increase persists after transection of the main corticospinal tract in rats.pdf (154.86 KB)
2002
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Corticospinal tract transection reduces H-reflex circadian rhythm in rats.. Corticospinal tract transection reduces H-reflex circadian rhythm in rats. Brain research. 2002;942:101–108. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12031858. Corticospinal tract transection reduces H-reflex circadian rhythm in rats.pdf (137.6 KB)
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Corticospinal tract transection prevents operantly conditioned H-reflex increase in rats.. Corticospinal tract transection prevents operantly conditioned H-reflex increase in rats. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale. 2002;144:88–94. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976762. Corticospinal tract transection prevents operantly conditioned H-reflex increase in rats.pdf (74.89 KB)
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Probable corticospinal tract control of spinal cord plasticity in the rat.. Probable corticospinal tract control of spinal cord plasticity in the rat. Journal of neurophysiology. 2002;87:645–652. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11826033. Probable corticospinal tract control of spinal cord plasticity in the rat.pdf (194.6 KB)
2001
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Motor unit properties after operant conditioning of rat H-reflex.. Motor unit properties after operant conditioning of rat H-reflex. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale. 2001;140:382–386. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11681314. Motor unit properties after operant conditioning of rat H-reflex.pdf (47.79 KB)
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Effects of chronic nerve cuff and intramuscular electrodes on rat triceps surae motor units.. Effects of chronic nerve cuff and intramuscular electrodes on rat triceps surae motor units. Neuroscience letters. 2001;312:1–4. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11578831. Effects of chronic nerve cuff and intramuscular electrodes on rat triceps surae motor units.pdf (107.61 KB)
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Time course of H-reflex conditioning in the rat.. Time course of H-reflex conditioning in the rat. Neuroscience letters. 2001;302:85–88. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11290393. Time course of H-reflex conditioning in the rat.pdf (110.06 KB)
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Short-Term and medium-term effects of spinal cord tract transections on soleus H-reflex in freely moving rats.. Short-Term and medium-term effects of spinal cord tract transections on soleus H-reflex in freely moving rats. Journal of neurotrauma. 2001;18:313–327. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11284551. Short-Term and medium-term effects of spinal cord tract transections on soleus H-reflex in freely moving rats.pdf (392.44 KB)
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Operant conditioning of rat H-reflex affects motoneuron axonal conduction velocity.. Operant conditioning of rat H-reflex affects motoneuron axonal conduction velocity. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale. 2001;136:269–273. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206290. Operant conditioning of rat H-reflex affects motoneuron axonal conduction velocity.pdf (33.85 KB)
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Operant conditioning of rat H-reflex: effects on mean latency and duration.. Operant conditioning of rat H-reflex: effects on mean latency and duration. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale. 2001;136:274–279. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206291. Operant conditioning of rat H-reflex effects on mean latency and duration.pdf (41.94 KB)
1999
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Sag during unfused tetanic contractions in rat triceps surae motor units.. Sag during unfused tetanic contractions in rat triceps surae motor units. Journal of neurophysiology. 1999;81:2647–2661. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10368385. Sag during unfused tetanic contractions in rat triceps suare motor units.pdf (297.96 KB)
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Operant conditioning of H-reflex increase in spinal cord–injured rats.. Operant conditioning of H-reflex increase in spinal cord–injured rats. Journal of neurotrauma. 1999;16:175–186. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10098962. Operant conditioning of H-reflex increase in spinal cord-injured rats.pdf (1.03 MB)
1997
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Dorsal column but not lateral column transection prevents down-conditioning of H reflex in rats.. Dorsal column but not lateral column transection prevents down-conditioning of H reflex in rats. Journal of neurophysiology. 1997;78:1730–1734. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310458. Dorsal column but not lateral column transection prevents down-conditioning of H reflex in rats.pdf (96.35 KB)
1996
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Operant conditioning of H-reflex in spinal cord-injured rats.. Operant conditioning of H-reflex in spinal cord-injured rats. Journal of neurotrauma. 1996;13:755–766. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9002061. Operant conditioning of H-reflex in spinal cord-injured rats.pdf (1.14 MB)
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Reversal of H-reflex operant conditioning in the rat.. Reversal of H-reflex operant conditioning in the rat. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale. 1996;112:58–62. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8951407.
1995
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Operantly conditioned plasticity and circadian rhythm in rat H-reflex are independent phenomena.. Operantly conditioned plasticity and circadian rhythm in rat H-reflex are independent phenomena. Neuroscience letters. 1995;195:109–112. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7478262. Operantly conditioned plasticity and circadian rhythm in rat H-reflex are independent phenomena.pdf (340.76 KB)
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Operant conditioning of H-reflex in freely moving rats.. Operant conditioning of H-reflex in freely moving rats. Journal of neurophysiology. 1995;73:411–415. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7714584. Operant conditioning of H-reflex in freely moving rats.pdf (1.19 MB)
1994
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Circadian rhythm in rat H-reflex.. Circadian rhythm in rat H-reflex. Brain research. 1994;648:167–170. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7922520.
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Triceps surae motoneuron morphology in the rat: a quantitative light microscopic study.. Triceps surae motoneuron morphology in the rat: a quantitative light microscopic study. The Journal of comparative neurology. 1994;343:143–157. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8027432.
1992
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Constancy of motor axon conduction time during growth in rats.. Constancy of motor axon conduction time during growth in rats. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale. 1992;90:343–345. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1397148.